25 December 2025, Volume 48 Issue 6
    

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  • Anatomy-orthopedics collaboration, blooming with innovation
    Chinese Journal of Anatomy. 2025, 48(6): 461-463. https://doi.org/10.3969/j.issn.1001-1633.2025.06.001
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    The synergistic innovation between anatomy and orthopedics holds significant importance for the advancement of medical science. Anatomy provides theoretical support for orthopedic practice, while clinical orthopedics, in turn, drives in-depth anatomical research. Thanks to rapid developments in minimally invasive surgery, biomaterials, artificial joints, 3D printing, and robot-assisted surgery, modern orthopedics continues to raise new demands for the understanding of human morphological structures. The interactive innovation between the two disciplines is expected to enhance both the research level of clinical anatomy and the quality of orthopedic diagnosis and treatment. In this context, the establishment of the Orthopedic Anatomy Branch of the Chinese Society of Anatomical Sciences will promote interdisciplinary integration, resource sharing, and complementary advantages, accelerate the transformation of scientific research into clinical applications, improve orthopedic medical practices, and open up new avenues in medical education to cultivate high-quality medical professionals. In the future, the two disciplines are expected to achieve more breakthroughs in cutting-edge areas, driving medical progress and making greater contributions to human health.
  • Measurement and analysis of anatomical characteristics of the posterior aspect of the distal tibia
    Chinese Journal of Anatomy. 2025, 48(6): 464-470. https://doi.org/10.3969/j.issn.1001-1633.2025.06.002
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    Objective: To explore the anatomical features of the posterior distal tibia and to design a bone plate based on three-dimensional reconstruction. Methods: Computed tomography (CT) data of the distal tibia and fibula from 57 healthy adults (30 males, 27 females; 30 left, 27 right; mean age, 42.9 years) were retrospectively analyzed. Fortynine parameters across nine groups were measured, and differences between sexes and sides were assessed by using the t test or Mann–Whitney U test. Results: Twelve parameters showed significant sex differences (e.g., HPS, ∠ A0, ∠ CAPM35, DOC35, ∠ B2), and seven parameters exhibited significant side differences ( ∠ A0, ∠ CAPM25, ∠ B1, h2–h4). Transverse sections revealed that the posteromedial ridge transitions from a sharp angle distally to a blunt arc proximally, with DOC and ∠ CAPM describing the blunt segment. Sagittal section analysis showed that, posterior malleolar height (h) displayed a wave-like pattern, peaking in zone 3 and reaching a minimum in zone 5. The posterior malleolar arc parameters ( ∠ P, d, rad) progressively decreased from distal to proximal. Notable individual variations were observed, with a small proportion of posterior malleoli tending to be flatter and showing markedly larger arc radii than in other individuals. Conclusion: The posterior distal tibia demonstrates quantifiable anatomical characteristics that are partly influenced by sex and side. Three-dimensional measurements provide a basis for the individualized design of helical-surface fixation plates and may offer innovative strategies for the surgical management of posterior malleolar fractures.
  • Anatomical survey of pelvic acetabular area structures under laparoscopic view and its clinical application
    Chinese Journal of Anatomy. 2025, 48(6): 471-473. https://doi.org/10.3969/j.issn.1001-1633.2025.06.003
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    Objective: To provide anatomical support for clinical practice through data measurement of relevant structures in the pelvic acetabular region. Methods: Bilateral cadaver dissection was performed to measure anatomical data related to the corona mortis, as well as vascular variations. Results: In specimens where the corona mortis was present, the distance from the superior border of the pubic symphysis to the junction of the arcuate line and the superior pubic ramus was 50.92 mm±2.53 mm; the angle between the line connecting the upper edge of the pubic symphysis to this intersection and the coronal axis was 33.00°±1.50°. In all 30 cadavers, the distance from the upper edge of the pubic symphysis to the junction of the obturator nerve and the superior pubic ramus was 73.20 mm±2.64 mm. The angle between the line connecting the upper edge of the pubic symphysis to the junction of the obturator nerve and the superior pubic ramus and the coronal axis was 60.37°±2.68°. The distance from the midpoint of the upper edge of the pubic symphysis to the origin of the inferior epigastric artery was 67.60 mm±3.45 mm. There were no statistically significant differences between male and female cadavers. Satisfactory results were observed in clinical surgeries. Conclusions: This study delineates the anatomical foundation for treating pelvic acetabular fractures from a total laparoscopic perspective, aim ing to enhance surgical effectiveness and safety.
  • Anatomical, histological, and imaging investigation of apical ligament of coronoid process
    Chinese Journal of Anatomy. 2025, 48(6): 474-477. https://doi.org/10.3969/j.issn.1001-1633.2025.06.004
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    Objective: To investigate the existence, morphological characteristics and function of the apical ligament of the coronoid process in the elbow joint through integrated anatomical, histological and imaging analyses. Methods: Ten frozen elbow joints from cadavers were dissected to measure the coronoid process and to isolate capsulo-ligamentous structures. The collagen fiber structure of the joint capsule was analyzed by tissue staining and sectioning. The CT images from 20 patients with elbow joint fractures were collected. Having been reconstructed on the three-dimensional images, the height and width of the coronary process, and the distance between the fracture fragment and the humeral trochlear were measured. Results: Anatomical studies showed that white connective tissue attached to the cartilaginous surface of the coronoid process. Histological sections, scanned through CaseViewer 2.4 software, showed ligament-like tissue attached to the bony tissue of the coronoid, with an attachment point thickness of (1.86±0.45) mm. The imaging analysis indicated that the height of the coronoid process fracture was (7.68±3.54) mm, the linear distance from the fracture to the humerus was (3.18±0.87) mm, and the distance from the fracture to the midpoint of the olecranon was (14.57±3.32) mm. According to the Regan Morrey classification, there were 14 type Ⅰ , 4 type Ⅱ , and 2 type Ⅲ fractures. There was no significant correlation between the distance from the fracture fragment to the humerus and the fragment height or distance to the olecranon midpoint. Conclusion: Anatomical and histological analyses revealed the presence of a ligament-like structure within the anterior aspect of the coronoid process capsule. Imaging evaluations demonstrated no significant correlation between the linear distance from the fracture fragment to the humeral axis, the height of the fracture fragment, and its distance to the midpoint of the olecranon. Furthermore, a distinct ligamentous attachment was identified at the tip of the ulnarcoronoid process, herein termed the apical ligament. These findings contribute to a refined understanding of coronoid tip anatomy, support the standardization of treatment strategies for coronoid tip fractures, and enhance postoperative rehabilitation while reducing the risk of complications.
  • Applied anatomy of pedicle screw in second sacral vertebrae
    Chinese Journal of Anatomy. 2025, 48(6): 478-480. https://doi.org/10.3969/j.issn.1001-1633.2025.06.005
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    Objective: To explore the feasibility of the second sacral vertebrae (S2) pedicle screw fixation and provide anatomical basis for its placement. Methods: Adult cadaveric lumbosacral specimens were selected, and parameters including screw trajectory length and lateral angulation angle were measured. Results: The lateral trajectory length was (26.87±4.28) mm, with a lateral angulation angle of (29.26±7.87)°; the medial trajectory length was (34.69±5.60) mm, with a lateral angulation angle of (44.81±4.74)°. Conclusion: S2 pedicle screw fixation is feasible with an appropriate lateral angulation ang le.
  • Effects of miR-488-3p on osteogenic differentiation of bone marrow mesenchymal stem cells by targeting pentraxin 3
    Chinese Journal of Anatomy. 2025, 48(6): 481-486. https://doi.org/10.3969/j.issn.1001-1633.2025.06.006
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    Objective: To investigate the effect of miR-488-3p targeting pentraxin 3 (PTX3) on the osteogenic differentiation of bone marrow mesenchymal stem cells (BMSCs). Methods: QRT-PCR was used to detect the expression of miR-488-3p and PTX3 mRNA in undifferentiated and differentiated BMSCs. BMSCs were divided into seven groups: control group, inhibition control group, miR-488-3p inhibition group, overexpression control group, PTX3 overexpression group, miR-488-3p inhibition+si-NC group, and miR-488-3p inhibition+si-PTX3 group. QRTPCR was applied to detect the expression of miR-488-3p and the mRNA expression of PTX3, Runt-related transcription factor 2 (Runx2), osterix, osteocalcin (OCN), and osteopontin (OPN) in BMSCs. CCK-8 was used to detect the viability of BMSCs. The activity of alkaline phosphatase (ALP) and the degree of ALP staining in BMSCs were detected. Alizinin red staining was adopted to detect calcium deposition levels and OD570 in BMSCs. Western blotting was employed to detect the protein expression levels of Runx2, osterix, OCN, OPN, and PTX3. Additionally, the relationship between miR-488-3p and PTX3 was verified. Results: In differentiated BMSCs, the expression of miR-488-3p was downregulated, while the expression of PTX3 mRNA was upregulated. Either inhibiting miR-488-3p or overexpressing PTX3 significantly increased the expression level of PTX3 mRNA, BMSC viability, ALP activity, degree of ALP staining, calcium deposition level, OD570, as well as the mRNA and protein expression levels of Runx2, osterix, OCN, and OPN in BMSCs. Silencing PTX3 reversed the promoting effect of miR-488-3p inhibition on the osteogenic differentiation of BMSCs. Moreover, miR-488-3p was found to target and regulate the expression of P TX3. Conclusion: Inhibition of miR-488-3p may promote osteogenic differentiation of BMSCs by upregulating of PTX3.
  • Effects of propofol on osteogenic differentiation of rat osteoblasts
    Chinese Journal of Anatomy. 2025, 48(6): 487-491. https://doi.org/10.3969/j.issn.1001-1633.2025.06.007
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    Objective: To investigate the effect of propofol on osteogenic differentiation of rat osteoblasts and its possible mechanism. Methods: Osteoblasts isolated from neonatal SD rat calvariae were induced to differentiate and were divided into control (differentiation induction only), propofol (12.5, 25.0, and 50.0 μmol/L), and propofol+ phosphatidylinositol 3-kinase (PI3K) inhibitor (LY294002) groups (50.0 μmol/L propofol+10.0 μmol/L LY294002). After 7 d of culture, RT-qPCR was used to detect the mRNA expression levels of alkaline phosphatase (ALP), osteocalcin (OCN), osteopontin (OPN), Runt-related transcription factor 2 (RUNX2), and osterix (Osx) genes in osteoblasts. The expressions of OCN, OPN, RUNX2 and Osx proteins were detected by immunofluorescence staining. Western blotting was performed to detect PI3K, p-PI3K, protein kinase B (AKT), p-AKT, and B-cell lymphomaextra large (Bcl-xL) proteins. ALP staining was adopted after 14 days of cultivation to detect the positivity rate of ALP in rat osteoblasts. After 21 days of cultivation, Alizarin red staining was applied to detect the mineralized nodule formation of rat osteoblasts. Results: After the treatment of propofol with different concentrations, the ALPpositive rate of osteoblasts, mineralized nodule formation, mRNA levels of ALP, OCN, OPN, RUNX2 and Osx, immunofluorescence intensity of OCN, OPN, RUNX2 and Osx, as well as the ratios of p-PI3K/PI3K and p-AKT/AKT and the expression of Bcl-xL were increased. LY294002 attenuated the effects of 50.0 μmol/L propofol on osteogenic differentiation of rat osteoblasts. Conclusion: Propofol promotes osteogenic differentiation of rat osteoblasts, and its mechanism of action may be associated with the activation of th e PI3K/AKT/Bcl-xL signaling pathway.
  • Impacts of quercetin on lipopolysaccharide-induced osteoblast apoptosis and BMP2/Runx2 pathway
    Chinese Journal of Anatomy. 2025, 48(6): 492-496. https://doi.org/10.3969/j.issn.1001-1633.2025.06.008
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    Objective: To analyze the impacts of quercetin on lipopolysaccharide (LPS)-induced osteoblast apoptosis and bone morphogenetic protein 2 (BMP2)/Runt-related transcription factor 2 (Runx2) pathway. Methods: Mouse osteoblast MC3T3-E1 cells were cultured in vitro and randomly divided into control group (untreated), LPS group (500 ng/mL LPS treatment), and low-, medium- and high-dose quercetin groups (added 10, 25, 50 μmol/L quercetin on the basis of LPS group). The proliferation of MC3T3-E1 cells was detected by CCK-8 assay. Apoptosis of MC3T3-E1 cells was detected by flow cytometry. Alizarin red staining was applied to measure the relative proportion of cell mineralized nodules. Alkaline phosphatase (ALP) kit was adopted to measure cellular ALP activity. ELISA method was performed to measure the levels of type Ⅰ collagen, inflammatory factors tumor necrosis factor α (TNF-α) and interleukin 6 (IL-6) of cells in each group. Western blotting was employed to measure the levels of BMP2/Runx2 pathway and apoptosis-related proteins in MC3T3-E1 cells in each group. Results: The cell proliferation inhibition rate, apoptosis rate, levels of TNF-α, IL-6, as well as the protein levels of Bax and cleavedcaspase- 3 of MC3T3-E1 cells in LPS group at 48 h were higher than those of control group, while the relative proportion of mineralized nodules, ALP activity, and the protein levels of collagen type Ⅰ , BMP2, Runx2 and Bcl-2 were lower than those of control group. The cell proliferation inhibition rate, apoptosis rate, levels of TNF-α, IL-6, as well as the protein levels of Bax and cleaved-caspase-3 of MC3T3-E1 cells in the low-, medium- and highconcentration quercetin groups at 48 h were lower than those of the LPS group, while the relative proportion of mineralized nodules, ALP activity, and the protein levels of collagen type Ⅰ , BMP2, Runx2 and Bcl-2 were higher than those in the LPS group, and these effects were dose-dependent. Conclusion: Quercetin may inhibit LPS-induced osteoblast apoptosis and inflammatoryresponse by activating the BMP2/Runx2 pathway, and antagonize the inhibitory effect of LPS on osteogenic differentiation.
  • Effects of protocatechuic acid on bone metabolism in a rat model of steroid-induced osteonecrosis of the femoral head by regulating the YAP/ACSL4/LPCAT3-mediated ferroptosis pathway
    Chinese Journal of Anatomy. 2025, 48(6): 497-503. https://doi.org/10.3969/j.issn.1001-1633.2025.06.009
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    Objective: To explore the effects of protocatechuic acid (PCA) on bone metabolism and Yes-associated protein 1/acyl-CoA synthetase long-chain family member 4/lysophosphatidylcholine acyltransferase 3 (YAP/ACSL4/ LPCAT3)-mediated ferroptosis in a rat model of steroid-induced osteonecrosis of the femoral head (SONFH). Methods: The SONFH model of rats was prepared and randomly divided into the control group, the SONFH group, and the Liproxstatin-1 (ferroptosis inhibitor) group, the low-dose PCA (PCA-L) group, the high-dose PCA (PCA-H) group, and the PCA-H+Verteporfin (YAP activator) group based on the SONFH model. Serum Ca, P, total iron ion concentrations, bone metabolism and oxidative stress levels were detected. Flow cytometry was applied to detect the level of reactive oxygen species (ROS). Micro-CT was performed to observe the femoral morphology. Transmission electron microscopy was employed to observe the ultrastructural changes in femoral head, H-E staining was utilized to observe the pathological changes in femoral head. Immunohistochemistry was used to detect the expressions of ferroptosis-related proteins in femoral head. Western blotting were adopted to detect the expressions of YAP1, ACSL4 and LPCAT3 in femoral head. Results: Compared with the control group, the SONFH grouphad severe pathological damage of the femoral head. The Ca, P, osteoprotegerin (OPG), OPG/receptor activator of nuclear factor-κB ligand ratio, glutathione, level glutathione peroxidase 4 and solute carrier family 7 member 11 expressions were decreased, while the total iron concentration, RANKL, malondialdehyde, ROS content, and YAP1, ACSL4, and LPCAT3 expressions were increased. Liproxstatin-1, PCA-L and PCA-H groups significantly improved the pathological damage of the femoral head and reversed the trend of the above indicators. Verteporfin treatment partially reversed the improvement effect of PCA-H treatment on bone metabolism in SONFH rats. Conclusion: PCA can improve bone metabolism in SONFH rats by inhibiting the YAP/ACSL4/LPCAT3 pathway-mediated ferroptosis.
  • Effects of safflower yellow on angiogenesis and fracture healing in osteoporotic fracture rats through activation of the HIF-1α/VEGF signaling pathway
    Chinese Journal of Anatomy. 2025, 48(6): 504-508. https://doi.org/10.3969/j.issn.1001-1633.2025.06.010
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    Objective: To explore the effects of safflower yellow (SY) on the angiogenesis and fracture healing in osteoporotic fracture (OPF) rats through activation of the hypoxia-inducible growth factor-1α (HIF-1α)/vascular endothelial growth factor (VEGF) signaling pathway. Methods: An ORF model of rats was established and randomly divided into five groups: sham operation group, model group, SY group (15.75 mg/kg), inhibitor group (HIF-1α inhibitor-digoxin, 0.05 mg/kg), SY (15.75 mg/kg) + inhibitor (0.05 mg/kg) group. After the administration, X-ray examination was conducted to assess the fracture and healing status of the rats; the changes in bone mineral density (BMD) and bone mineral content (BMC) in callus tissue were detected; H-E staining was used to observe the histopathological changes in rat callus tissue; ELISA was performed to detect the levels of serum biochemical indicators of rats-bone morphogenetic protein-2 (BMP-2) and insulin-like growth factor-1 (IGF-1); Western blotting and RT-qPCR were employed to determine the expression of HIF-1α and VEGF proteins and mRNA in rat callus tissue. Results: Compared with the sham operation group, the model group exhibited clear fracture lines, less callus growth and no connection, disorganized and sparse bone trabeculae, a few osteoblasts and newly formed blood vessels. The fracture healing score, BMD, BMC, HIF-1α, VEGF protein and mRNA expression, BMP-2, and IGF-1 levels were significantly reduced. Compared with the model group, the histopathological changes in the callus tissue and fracture healing of the rats in the SY group were improved, with fracture healing score, BMD, BMC, HIF-1α, VEGF protein and mRNA expression, BMP-2,and IGF-1 levels significantly increased. Compared with the model group, the inhibitor group showed poorer histopathological changes in the callus tissue and the fracture healing, with significant reductions in fracture healing score, BMD, BMC, HIF-1α, VEGF protein and mRNA expression, BMP-2, and IGF-1 levels. Compared with the SY group, the fracture healing score, BMD, BMC, HIF-1α, VEGF protein and mRNA expression, BMP-2, and IGF-1 levels in the SY + inhibitor group were significantly reduced. Conclusion: SY can promote angiogenesis at the fracture site, improve the morphology of bone tissue in osteoporotic rats by activating the HIF-1α/VEGF signaling pathway, thereby accelerating the process of fracture healing.
  • Effect of artesunate on pain response in rats with lumbar intervertebral disc degeneration by regulating the JAK2/STAT3 signaling pathway
    Chinese Journal of Anatomy. 2025, 48(6): 509-515. https://doi.org/10.3969/j.issn.1001-1633.2025.06.011
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    Objective: To investigate the effect of artesunate (ART) on pain response in lumbar intervertebral disc degeneration (IVDD) rats by regulating the Janus kinase 2 (JAK2)/signal transducer and activator of transcription 3 (STAT3) signaling pathway. Methods: SD rats were used to establish a lumbar IVDD model by acupuncture of the annulus fibrosus, and then random ly divided into model group, low-dose ART group, high-dose ART group, and hi ghdose ART + DUSP19 (JAK2/STAT3 activator) group. Another healthy SD rats were taken as the sham surgery group. After intervention with ART and DUSP19, lumbar spine sagittal T2-weighted MRI scans were performed, and the degree of intervertebral disc degeneration was assessed by using the Pfirrmann grading system. The Von Frey pain threshold test and the tail suspension test were applied to detect pain symptoms in rats. The open field test was used to test the motor ability of rats. H-E staining was applied to detect the morphological changes of lumbar intervertebral disc tissue of rats in each group. ELISA was applied to measure the levels of inflammatory factors such as granulocyte macrophage colony-stimulating factor (GM-CSF) and interleukin (IL)-1β in the serum and lumbar disc tissue of rats in each group. Western blotting was applied to detect the expression and phosphorylation levels of JAK2 and STAT3 in the lumbar disc tissue of rats in each group. Results: Compared with the sham surgery group, the Pfirmmann score, tail suspension test bending time, lumbar disc tissue score, GM-CSF and IL-1β levels, p-JAK2/ JAK2 and p-STAT3/STAT3 levels of rats in the modelgroup were greatly increased, while the mechanical pain threshold, tail suspension test struggling time, total distance traveled, average speed, and standing/resting time in the open field test were greatly reduced. Compared with the model group, the Pfirmmann scores, tail suspension test bending time, lumbar disc tissue scores, GM-CSF and IL-1β levels, p-JAK2/JAK2 and p-STAT3/STAT3 levels of rats in the low- and high-dose ART groups were all reduced, while the mechanical pain threshold, tail suspension test struggling time, total distance traveled, average speed, and standing/resting time in the open field test were all increased, and high-dose ART had a stronger effect. Compared with the high-dose ART group, the Pfirmmann score, tail suspension test bending time, lumbar disc tissue score, GM-CSF and IL-1β levels, p-JAK2/JAK2 and p-STAT3/STAT3 of rats in the high-dose ART + DUSP19 group were increased, while the mechanical pain threshold, tail suspension test struggling time, total distance traveled, average speed, and standing/resting time in the open field test were decreased. Conclusion: ART can inhibit the inflammatory response of lumbar IVDD rats by blocking the activation of the JAK2/STAT3 signaling pathway, thereby reducing
  • Rab11a promotes the occurrence and development of colorectal cancer through PTEN/AKT-mediated suppression of the Hippo pathway
    Chinese Journal of Anatomy. 2025, 48(6): 516-522. https://doi.org/10.3969/j.issn.1001-1633.2025.06.012
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    Objective: To explore the mechanism by which Ras-related protein Rab-11A (Rab11a) promotes the invasion and metastasis of colorectal cancer (CRC) through its regulation of protein kinase B (AKT) expression and subsequent effects on the Hippo signaling pathway . Methods: Western blotting was employed to detect the expression levels of Rab11a, phosphorylated AKT (p-AKT), phosphatase and tensin homolog (PTEN), nuclear Yes-associated protein (YAP), nuclear activator protein 1 (AP-1), cadherin 2 (CDH2), and microtubule-actin crosslinking factor 1 (MACF1). Wound healing, colony formation, flow cytometry, and Transwell assays were conducted to evaluate the proliferation and migration capabilities of SW480 cells. A nude mouse tumor model was established to assess the impact of Rab11a on tumor growth. Results: Bioinformatics analysis revealed that the expression of Rab11a was significantly higher in colorectal cancer tissues compared with normal tissues, and exhibited significant correlations with the expression of PTEN, AKT, YAP, and AP-1. Experiment results demonstrated that inhibition of Rab11a significantly reduced the expression of p-AKT, nuclear YAP, and nuclear AP-1, while increasing the expression of PTEN. Furthermore, Rab11a knockdown significantly attenuated the migration, proliferation, and invasion of colorectal cancer cells. The nude mouse tumor model further confirmed that overexpression of Rab11a significantly promoted tumor growth, whereas interventions targeting PTEN and YAP suppressed this effect. Conclusion: Rab11a can promote colorectal cancer invasion and metastasis through AKT-mediated inhibition of Hippo pathway.
  • Research progress in applied anatomy for minimally invasive lumbar endoscopic foraminal surgery
    Chinese Journal of Anatomy. 2025, 48(6): 523-526. https://doi.org/10.3969/j.issn.1001-1633.2025.06.013
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    The lumbar intervertebral foramen serves as a critical access route in posterolateral minimally invasive spinal surgery, transmitting vital neurovascular structures such as nerve roots and blood vessels, and is characterized by complex anatomical relationships. Damage to these structures during surgical procedures may lead to severe complications. Therefore, a deep understanding of the regional anatomy of the lumbar intervertebral foramen is crucial for percutaneous endoscopic surgery. This article reviews the bony structure of the intervertebral foramen, the definition and measurement of the Kambin ’s safe triangle, the course of intraframinal nerve roots and th e classification of ganglia, as well as the distribution characteristics of ligaments and blood vessels, with the aim of discussing how this anatomical knowledge can promote the selection of surgical approaches, the improvement of specialized instruments, and the avoidance of operational risks, thereby providing an anatomical basis for the precise application of this technique.
  • Research progress on role of intraosseous lymphatic vessels in fracture healing and bone and joint diseases
    Chinese Journal of Anatomy. 2025, 48(6): 527-531. https://doi.org/10.3969/j.issn.1001-1633.2025.06.014
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    The traditional view holds that bone tissue lacked lymphatic vessels, but recent studies utilizing advanced imaging techniques have confirmed the presence of functional lymphatics in bone, joints, and intervertebral discs. The lymphatic system plays a crucial role in bone homeostasis and repair by clearing metabolic waste and coordinating the immune microenvironment. Pathological inflammation can remodel lymphatic function, and targeting lymphatics (e.g., modulating VEGF-C signaling) has shown potential to promote bone regeneration in animal models. Such findings have overturned traditional understanding, providing novel perspectives for understanding bone repair mechanisms and developing new therapies for bone and joint disorders.
  • Research progress on the role of nuclear receptor coactivator 4 in regulating ferroptosis in intervertebral disc degeneration
    Chinese Journal of Anatomy. 2025, 48(6): 532-535. https://doi.org/10.3969/j.issn.1001-1633.2025.06.015
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    Nuclear receptor coactivator 4 (NCOA4), a key protein in the regulation of intracellular iron homeostasis, has garnered increasing attention for its role in mediating ferroptosis during intervertebral disc degeneration (IVDD). IVDD is a degenerative condition characterized by nucleus pulposus cell senescence and degradation of the extracellular matrix. This article systematically reviews the molecular mechanisms by which NCOA4 triggers ferroptosis via the ferritinophagy pathway and focuses on the potential roles of NCOA4-associated signaling pathways in regulating iron metabolism dysregulation, oxidative stress, and nucleus pulposus cell apoptosis within the IVDD process. The aim of this review is to provide new insights for tar geted therapies of IVDD.
  • Application of multifunctional concept in teaching specimen preparation for thoracolumbar junction anatomy
    Chinese Journal of Anatomy. 2025, 48(6): 536-537. https://doi.org/10.3969/j.issn.1001-1633.2025.06.016
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  • Making of 3D printed detachable skull model and its application in teaching
    Chinese Journal of Anatomy. 2025, 48(6): 538-541. https://doi.org/10.3969/j.issn.1001-1633.2025.06.017
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  • New breakthrough in systemic anatomy teaching facilitated by multidisciplinary integration under the outcome-based education concept
    Chinese Journal of Anatomy. 2025, 48(6): 542-544. https://doi.org/10.3969/j.issn.1001-1633.2025.06.018
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  • Design and practice of formative assessment in online-offline hybrid regional anatomy teaching
    Chinese Journal of Anatomy. 2025, 48(6): 545-547. https://doi.org/10.3969/j.issn.1001-1633.2025.06.019
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  • Innovation and practice in histology and embryology course teaching based on pedigree, imagery, and case studies: the "four-chain integration" approach
    Chinese Journal of Anatomy. 2025, 48(6): 548-550. https://doi.org/10.3969/j.issn.1001-1633.2025.06.020
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  • Integrating the spirit of discipline predecessors in the teaching of regional anatomy
    Chinese Journal of Anatomy. 2025, 48(6): 551-553. https://doi.org/10.3969/j.issn.1001-1633.2025.06.021
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  • Application of Hanxin Code in the experimental teaching of transmission electron microscopy
    Chinese Journal of Anatomy. 2025, 48(6): 553-555. https://doi.org/10.3969/j.issn.1001-1633.2025.06.022
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