With the advent of the digital information age, human anatomy has entered the stage of digital anatomy. Traditional methods of demonstrating anatomy through cadaver and models are gradually being replaced by mathematical models. Digital anatomy has changed the methods and content of anatomy education, scientific research and clinical applications. This paper reviews the development history, advantages, model construction of digital anatomy, as well as its applications in 3D visualization, new discoveries in medical morphology, medical 3D printing, digital virtual simulation, and medical education. It also offers an outlook on the future development of digital anatomy.

Animal behavior is the primary way in which the brain’s neuronal computations are externally expressed. As a science that studies animal behavior and its underlying mechanisms， ethology holds considerable importance in fields such as neuroscience and medicine. Thanks to the advancement of computer science and diversification of methods for acquiring animal behavior， deep learning has been applied to systematically process data on animal behavior and analyze the underlying patterns. Supervised or unsupervised deep learning techniques may significantly enhance the efficiency and accuracy of recognizing and classifying animal behavior paradigms contributing to the exploration of the biological mechanisms behind these behaviors. This review summarizes the research progress and application of deep learning in the analysis of animal behavior， aiming to provide a reference for related research and application in the field.

Objective: To investigate the expression of tumor necrosis factor-alpha (TNF-α) and interleukin-10 (IL- 10) in the placenta under high-altitude hypoxic conditions, and the effects on reproductive function and offspring development. Methods: A total of 20 female rats and 10 male rats were randomly divided into hypoxic group (simulated 6 000 m altitude in a hypobaric oxygen chamber) and normoxia group (Xining city, Qinghai province, with an average altitude of 2 200 m) with a female-to-male ratio of 2:1 per cage. The pregnancy rate of female rats in each group was recorded. On the 20th day of gestation, after a 12-hour fast, blood samples were collected from the tails of the pregnant rats to measure their fasting glucose. Blood was also taken from the abdominal aorta, and the entire uterus was excised to isolate the placenta and fetuses. The uterine weight and number of fetal rats were recorded, and the offspring malformation rate was calculated for both groups. ELISA was used to detect the serum fasting insulin level of pregnant rats, and H-E staining was used to observe the alteration of placental tissues in hypoxia. Immunohistochemistry was utilized to detect the positive expression of TNF-α and IL-10 in the placental tissues of pregnant rats. RT-qPCR and Western blotting were employed to detect the mRNA and protein expression of TNF-α and IL-10 in placental tissues of pregnant rats. Results: Compared with the normoxia group, the hypoxia group showed significantly lower uterine weight in pregnant rats during late pregnancy, reduced fasting blood glucose and increased fasting insulin levels, lower conception rates, fewer fetuses, and a higher rate of fetal malformations. The placenta of pregnant rats in the hypoxia group was structurally incomplete, with increased distribution of blood vessels, thickened vessel wall, slow development and reduced number of chorionic villi, densely distributed intervillous blood vessels,thickened basement membrane, a small number of inflammatory cells, and blurred boundaries of thickened syncytial trophoblast. Compared with the normoxia group, the expression of TNF-α and IL-10 mRNA and protein were upregulated in the placental tissues of the hypoxia group. Conclusion: Under hypoxic conditions, the expression of TNF-α and IL-10 in the placental tissue is upregulated, which may be related to impaired reproductive function and adverse pregnancy outcomes in female rats.

The foot is a critical weight-bearing and locomotive organ of human body, with its morphological and dimensional variations influenced by factors such as gender, age and ethnicity. The morphological characteristics and dimensions of the foot during different periods also have a significant impact on athletic performance and competitive abilities. Current research on foot morphology encompasses age, gender, and ethnic differences in foot morphology; factors influencing foot morphology; methods for collecting foot-related data; and applications of foot morphology. This review summarizes research data and conclusions from existing literature, outlines the current state of foot morphology variation studies and related measurement methods, and examines domestic research progress while offering future prospects.

Objective: To explore the regulatory effect of progesterone on the expression of interleukin-8 (IL-8) in decidual stromal cells (DSCs) through transcription factor activator protein 1 (AP-1). Methods: Immunohistochemical staining and western blotting (WB) were used to detect the expression level of AP-1 protein in decidual tissue of the abortion group and the control group. Early pregnancy human DSCs were isolated and cultured in vitro, and cells were treated with different concentrations of progesterone (0.01 μmol/L, 0.1 μmol/L, and 1 μmol/L). WB was used to detect the expression of AP-1 and p-AP-1 in DSCs. After AP-1 inhibitor SR-11302 treatment, the expression of IL-8 in the inhibitor group, progesterone group, and control group was detected by using RT-qPCR and WB. Results: The expression level of p-AP-1 protein in decidual tissue of the abortion group was higher than that of the control group; the relative expression levels of p-AP-1 protein in the 0.1 μmol/L and 1 μmol/L progesterone group were significantly lower than that in the control group; IL-8 mRNA levels were significantly lower in the progesterone group compared with the control group, and were further reduced in the progesterone+SR-11302 group compared with the progesterone group; compared with the control group, the relative expression levels of IL-8 and p-AP-1 proteins in the progesterone group were reduced, and compared with the progesterone group, the relative expression levels of IL-8 and p-AP-1 proteins in the progesterone+SR-11302 group were also reduced. Conclusions: Progesterone downregulates the expression of IL-8 in DSCs via AP-1, offering a theoretical basis for its use in preventing and treating early spontaneous abortion induced by abnormal expression of proinflammatory cytokines.

Protein arginine methyltransferase 6 (PRMT6) is one of the type Ⅰ PRMT family members which catalyzes the monomethylation and asymmetric dimethylation of arginine residues on protein substrates. It has a catalytic structure that is not completely identical to other type Ⅰ PRMT family members, and exhibits differences in catalytic substrates. An increasing number of studies have reported that PRMT6 not only plays an important role in the tumor process, but also serves as a regulator in the inflammatory process. This article aims to review the catalytic structure and function of PRMT6, as well as the research progress on its role in both anti-inflammatory and pro-inflammatory responses in organs.

为了解决传统人体骨标本脱脂技术的环保性和安全性问题。选取3 副青壮年人骨（40 岁左右）和3 副老年 人骨（65 岁左右），并分组。同一号骨左侧长骨采用传统方法脱脂；右侧长骨采用骨标本钻孔、恒温（35℃）浅 层脱脂、负压及超声波深层脱脂、乙醇巩固脱脂4 个脱脂步骤进行创新技术脱脂。对每个步骤进行脱脂率检测， 并与传统脱脂技术效果进行对比，以观察创新技术的脱脂效果是否达标。结果显示，6 副骨传统脱脂方法和创新 脱脂技术的脱脂率差异无统计学意义，表明创新脱脂技术能够达到传统方法的脱脂效果，并且提升了脱脂技术的 环保性和安全性。

以消化腺“肝”为例，探讨人体解剖学课程思政教学效果，为人体解剖学课程思政教学改革提供实质性依据。 选取2021 级临床医学专业1、2 班共63 名学生作为研究对象，在教学各环节中深入挖掘、提炼思政元素并进行应用， 开展课前思政教育宣讲、课中实践、课后拓展等活动，并对授课前后情况进行统计分析。结果显示，与课前相比， 授课后愿意学习急救知识的学生人数显著增多，对生命的珍惜意愿显著增强，愿意戒酒及劝身边人戒酒的人数显 著增多。结果表明，将理想信念、健康中国及生命教育等思政元素恰当融入专业课程教学中，可以提升学生的个 人生活品质和职业素养，有益于学生生命价值体系的建构。

Vitamin D deficiency is becoming increasingly common and has emerged as a globally concerned public health issue, especially among people living in high-altitude areas and among Caucasians. Vitamin D is an essential fat-soluble vitamin for the human body, primarily obtained through two main sources. Most of the vitamin D is synthesized in the skin after ultraviolet irradiation, and the other part can be obtained from the diet. Vitamin D itself is not biologically active. After two hydroxylation processes in the body, it produces bioactive calcitriol (1, 25 (OH)2D3), which acts on target organs or tissues and participates in a variety of biological reactions in the body. The reactions include the regulation of calcium and phosphorus metabolism, immune response, cell differentiation, and apoptosis. In recent years, more and more scholars in China and beyond have found that vitamin D is closely related to human fertility, pregnancy, and lactation. This article reviews the recent advances in research on the role of vitamin D in fertility and pregnancy.

Objective: To investigate the effect of tyrosine phosphatase SHP2 in mesenchymal stem cells (MSCs) on osteoporosis. Method: Forty mice were evenly divided into sham operation group, osteoporosis model group, osteoporosis model+MSCs group, and osteoporosis model+MSCs+SHP2 shRNA group. A dual energy X-ray absorptiometer was used to detect mouse bone density. The trabecular bone tissue of mice was stripped, stained with Hematoxylin and Eosin (H-E) staining, observed under a microscope, and photographed for records. In vitro experiments, MSCs were divided into NC group, bone morphogenetic protein 2 (BMP-2) group, BMP2+SHP2 mimic group, BMP2 stimulation+SHP2 mimic group. CCK-8 and colony formation assays were conducted. Western blotting was used to detect the expression of SHP2, ERK, and cyclin D1 proteins in MSCs cells. Additionally, Western blotting was used to detect osteoblast markers in MSCs. Result: Osteoporotic mice treated with MSCs showed significant improvement in their condition. The H-E staining results showed that the bone trabeculae in the sham group were normal, while those in the Model group were extremely poor. The bone trabeculae in the Model+MSCs group showed a significant increase compared with the Model group. The bone trabeculae in the Model+MSCs+SHP2 shRNA group was worse than those in the Model+MSCs group. CCK-8 and colony formation assays showed that the NC group had less proliferation of MSCs, while the BMP2 stimulation group had more cell proliferation. The BMP2 stimulation+SHP2 shRNA group had slightly less cell proliferation than the BMP2 stimulation group. After adding BMP2, the shRNA transfection of SHP2 in MSCs can inhibit the expression of ERK, cyclin D1 and osteoblast markers. SHP2 in MSCs was transfected with mimic can promote the expression of ERK, cyclin D1, andosteoblast markers. Conclusion: Tyrosine phosphatase SHP2 in MSCs can promote MSCs cell proliferation and treat osteoporosis by activating the ERK/cycli D1 signaling pathway.

Objective ： To investigate the protective effect and mechanism of Wogonoside (WO) on hepatic injury induced by high-fat diet in diabetic rats. Methods ： A total of 50 male Wistar rats were randomly divided into control group, model group (DM) and three drug administration groups (DM+WO 2, 4 and 8 mg/kg). The diabetic rat model was established by intraperitoneal injection of 30 mg/kg streptozotocin. Total cholesterol (TC), alanine aminotransferase (ALT), aspartate aminotransferase (AST), triglyceride (TG), high-density lipoprotein cholesterol (HDL-C), low-density lipoprotein cholesterol (LDL-C), superoxide dismutase (SOD), and malondialdehyde (MDA) were detected by ELISA. The expression levels of apoptosis-related proteins and lipid metabolism-related proteins in liver tissues were determined by Western blotting. H-E staining was used to observe the histopathological changes of liver. Apoptosis of hepatocytes was assessed by TUNEL staining. Results ： Compared with the control group, the rats in the DM group showed typical symptoms of diabetes (frequent urination, thirst, hunger, and weight loss) and hepatic pathological injury. Compared with the DM group, the levels of biochemical indicators such as AST, ALT, TC, TG, LDL-C and MDA were obviously decreased in the drug administration groups, while the levels of HDL-C and SOD were obviously increased. The Bax/Bcl-2 ratio and acetyl-CoA carboxylase expression in liver tissue were significantly reduced, while the expression levels of c-Myc and carnitine palmitoyltransferase 1 were significantly elevated in the drug administration groups. The histopathological morphology of the liver was improved and the apoptosis of liver cells was reduced in the three WO treatment group, among which only a small number of apoptotic cells were observed in DM+WO 8 mg/kg group. Conclusion ： WO has a certain protective effect on liver injury induced by high-fat diet in diabetic rats.

为深化高等教育教学改革、提升医学人才培养质量，融合式实验教学模式成为医学形态学教学改革的重要 方向。以南京医科大学组织学与胚胎学实验课程为例，通过整合线上线下教学优势，设计覆盖实验教学全程的教 学方案，创新性地融合多种教学方式，构建基础实验教学与临床、科研深度融合的模式，着力提升学生自主学习 能力与问题解决能力。该模式以学生为中心，以教师为主导，注重学生综合能力培养。实践证明，该模式有效提 高了教学质量，学生反馈良好，为培养高素质创新型医学人才奠定了坚实基础。

为了利用评价促进学生学习，将基于背景- 输入- 过程- 结果（CIPP）模型构建的课堂学习评价融于组织学 与胚胎学理论课教学中，探讨其可行性及应用效果。选取本校2020 级临床医学专业五年制学生126 个为研究对象， 采取自身前- 后对照的研究方法。课程前半程采用传统讲授法（ 对照教学法），后半程采用融入了CIPP 课堂评价 的讲授法（CIPP 教学法），通过期末试卷成绩和问卷调查评价教学效果，组间比较采用t 检验。结果显示，期末 试卷分析显示, 后半程章节相关试题（ 采用CIPP 教学法）的主观题得分率（0.80±0.07）和前半程章节相关试题（ 采 用对照教学法）的得分率（0.75±0.10）差异无统计学意义。问卷调查结果显示, 学生认为CIPP 教学法对课堂学习 有帮助的占91.0%, 愿意教师继续使用CIPP 教学法的占72.0%。在理论课讲授时有机融入基于CIPP 的学习评价， 在操作上可行, 其促进课堂学习的效果，也被学生认可。

Objective: To investigate the effects of puerarin on the growth, proliferation, apoptosis and invasion of ovarian cancer Caov3 cells by regulating tumor immune microenvironment. Methods: Caov3 cells were treated with supernatants from THP-1 cells treated with different concentrations of puerarin. CCK8 assay was used to detect the growth of ovarian cancer cells. ELISA was utilized to detect the content of interleukin (IL) 4, IL-10, and IL-6. RTPCR was adopted to detect the mRNA expression of IL-4, IL-10, and IL-6. Colony formation assay was adopted to detect the number of cell colonies. Flow cytometry was applied to detect cell apoptosis. Western blotting was adopted detect the expression of apoptosis marker proteins (caspase-3, caspase-9). Transwell chamber was employed detect cell invasion. Western blotting was used to detect the expression of invasion-related proteins (vascular endothelial growth factor, fibronectin, vimentin). Results: Compared with the control group, when the puerarin concentration was 10 μmol/L, the viability of ovarian cancer Caov3 cells was significantly inhibited. Compared with the 0 μmol/L group, the levels and mRNA expression of IL-6, as well as the apoptosis rate, were significantly increased, while clone formation rate, number of invasion cells, and invasion-re lated protein expression were all significantly reduced. The results for IL-4 and IL-10 were opposite. Conclusion: Puerarin modulates tumor immune microenvironment to inhibit the growth and invasion of ovarian cancer Caov3 cells and to promote their apoptosis, thereby alleviating the occurrence and development of ovarian cancer tumors.

Objective: To investigate the effect of long non-coding RNA (LncRNA) Down syndrome cell adhesion molecule antisense 1 (DSCAM-AS1) on liver cancer activity and chemotherapy resistance by regulating the miR- 431-5p/sex determining gene box 9 (SOX9) axis. Methods: qRT-PCR was applied to detect the expression levels of DSCAM-AS1, miR-431-5p, and SOX9 mRNA in liver cancer tissue, liver cancer cells, and HepG2/CDDP resistant cells. Western blotting was utilized to detect the expression of multidrug resistance associated protein 1 (MRP1), proliferating cell nuclear antigen (PCNA), Bcl-2, Bax, SOX9. Functional assays included MTT for cell viability, flow cytometry for apoptosis. Bioinformatics, dual luciferase assay, pull down assay, and RIP assay were applied to validate the targeting relationship between DSCAM-AS1, SOX9, and miR-431-5p. Results: DSCAM-AS1 and SOX9 were highly expressed in liver cancer tissues and cells, while miR-431-5p was low expressed. compared with HepG2 cells, the expression of DSCAM-AS1 and SOX9, and the cell viability in HepG2/CDDP cells were significantly increased, while the expression of miR-431-5p was reduced. Silencing DSCAM-AS1 inhibited the proliferation of HepG2 and HepG2/CDDP cells, induced apoptosis, and reduced drug resistance of HepG2/CDDP cells, while inhibiting miR-431-5p weakened the inhibitory effect of silencing DSCAM-AS1 on HepG2 and HepG2/CDDP cell proliferation, promoted apoptosis, and promoted drug resistance in HepG2/CDDP cells. Bioinformatics, dual luciferase assay, pull down assay, and RIP assay confirmed the targeting relationship between DSCAM-AS1, SOX9, and miR-431-5p. Conclusion: Silencing DSCAMAS1 may inhibit HepG2 cell proliferation, promote apoptosis, and reduce drug resistance in HepG2/CDDPcells by regulating the miR-431-5p/SOX9 axis.

目的：系统分析精神分裂症及孤独症患者利手的分布特点，探讨利手左移现象与精神发育异常的相关性。 方法：检索中国知网、万方医学数据库、维普期刊服务平台、PubMed 数据库等公开发表的利手与精神分裂症和 孤独症相关文献(1976 年—2022 年)。利用Stata 14 软件对纳入的研究做异质性检验及合并后结果分析，漏斗图和 Egger 检验评估发表偏倚，敏感性分析评估研究的稳定性，Meta 回归检验影响文章异质性的来源。SPSS 26.0 进 行聚类分析和χ2 检验，探索不同人群非右利手分布可能的遗传学差异。结果： 共纳入符合要求的29 项研究，包含 5 950 例精神分裂症患者及其对照24 725 人；孤独症患者94 人及其对照331 人。荟萃分析结果显示，精神分裂症 组及孤独症组非右利手比率均显著高于对照组；男性精神分裂症患者非右利手比率显著高于对照组；孤独症组非 右利手比率显著高于精神分裂症组及对照组，对照组非右利手比率最低。结论：利手在精神分裂症和孤独症中均 出现明显左移现象，在精神分裂症中男性较女性更为明显，有望成为筛选精神发育异常类疾病的宏观生物学标记。

Objective: To investigate the effect and mechanism of betulinic acid (BA) on epithelial-mesenchymal transition (EMT) in A2780 ovarian cancer cells. Methods: The viability of A2780 cells treated with different concentrations of betulinic acid (5–80 μmol/L) for 24 hours was assessed by using the CCK-8 assay. The effects of BA on epithelial-mesenchymal transformation were detected under treatment with 0, 5, 10, 20 μmol/L of BA for 24 h. The transforming growth factor-β (TGF-β) subtype involved in ovarian cancer was predicted by Oncomine, and the mRNA levels of TGF-β2 in A2780 cells treated with BA (0, 5, 10, 20 μmol/L) for 24 hours were measured. A2780 cells were divided into control group, 10 μmol/L BA group, and 10 μmol/L BA+2 ng/mL TGF-β2 group to determine whether TGF-β2 could reverse the effect of BA on epithelial mesenchymal transformation, invasion, migration and drug resistance in A2780 cells. Results: BA decreased the cell viability of A2780 with an IC50 of 37.8 μmol/L. Compared with 0 μmol/L BA group, the expression of E-cadherin was increased, while N-cadherin, Vimentin were significantly decreased in the 10 μmol/L and 20 μmol/L BA groups. Oncomine prediction results showed significant differences in both DNA copy numbers and mRNA expression levels of TGF-β2 between ovarian cancer and normal tissue. Compared with 0 μmol/L BA group, the expression of TGF-β2 were significantly decreased in the 5, 10, 20 μmol/L BA groups. Compared with the 10 μmol/L BA group, the 10 μmol/L BA +2 ng/mL TGF- β2 group had decreased E-cadherin, increased protein expression of N-cadherin, Vimentin, MMP-2, MMP-9, Smad2, Smad3, along with increased numbe r of invaded cells, enhanced wound healing rate, and improved viability of cisplatin-treated cells. Conclusion: BA may exert its anti-tumor effects by inhibiting the TGF-β2-associated EMT signaling, thereby reducing the invasion, migration, and drug resistance of A2780 ovarian cancer cells.

Objective: To investigate whether forkhead box A1 (FoxA1) could promote high expression of Yesassociated protein (YAP) in esophageal cancer and subsequently promote cancer progression by activating cAMP response element-binding protein (CREB) via the Src homology 2 domain-containing tyrosine phosphatase (SHP2) pathway. Methods: A total of 10 cases of esophageal cancer tissues and corresponding adjacent normal tissues with complete clinical data from May 2021 to September 2021 were collected from Yancheng Tinghu People’s Hospital were collected. H-E staining was used to determine the pathological changes of esophageal carcinoma and adjacent normal tissues. Immunofluorescence staining was employed to evaluate the expressions of FoxA1 and YAP in esophageal carcinoma and adjacent normal tissues. KYSE150 cells were cultured in vitro and divided into four groups: FoxA1-NC group (control group for FoxA1 interference), FoxA1-siRNA group (FoxA1 interference group), DMSO solvent group (DMSO added to the culture medium), and PH PS1 inhibitor group (SHP2 inhibitor PHPS1 added to the culture medium). Western blotting was to measure the expression levels of FoxA1, p-SHP2, p-CREB and YAP protein in KYSE150 cells. Cell scratch assay, Transwell assay, and monoclonal proliferation assay were used to detect the proliferation, migration and invasion ability of KYSE150 cells, respectively. Results: Compared with the adjacent normal tissues, esophageal cancer tissues exhibited pathological changes such as mucosal hyperemia, dark color, disrupted epithelial tissue structure, and increased cell number. In addition, the levels of FoxA1, p-SHP2, p-CREB and YAP proteins in the esophageal cancer tissues were significantly increased. The results of in vitro experiments showed that, in in vitro experiments, both FoxA1-siRNA and the PHPS1 inhibitor significantly reduced the levels of p-SHP2, p-CREB, and YAP proteins in KYSE150 cells, as well asthe cells’ abilities to proliferate, migrate, and invade. However, only FoxA1-siRNA was able to significantly decrease the FoxA1 protein level. Conclusion: FoxA1 promotes the progression of esophageal cancer by activating CREB via the SHP2 pathway, leading to high expression of YAP.

随着信息技术的快速发展，微信公众平台已成为教育领域的重要辅助工具。笔者创新性地打造学研解剖微 信公众平台，作为线上人体解剖学课程思政教学的重要载体，不仅传授专业知识，更深入挖掘并传播人体解剖学 课程所蕴含的丰富思政元素，最终形成基于微信公众平台的人体解剖学课程思政体系，并将其应用于教学实践中， 以期实现专业知识传授与价值引领的深度融合，为医学教育乃至更广泛学科领域的课程思政实践提供参考。

“新医科”背景下，虚实结合实验教学新模式成为基础医学实验教学改革的方向。本研究探索了小鼠卵母细 胞发育虚拟与实践融合实验教学模式的应用效果。29 个学生在完成虚拟仿真实验后，理论测试成绩达（95.59±5.38） 分，平均成绩显著高于90 分基准，82.8% 的学生成绩≥ 90 分，表明其有效促进了生殖细胞相关知识的掌握。线下 实操中，75.9% 的学生实验报告成绩≥ 90 分，证实了虚实结合模式对卵母细胞识别等实践技能的提升作用。问卷调 查显示，融合实验在操作体验、学习倾向性方面显著优于纯虚拟实验，且更能提升临床思维、团队协作等综合能力。 结果表明，虚实融合教学模式可显著提高医学实验教学质量，是培养创新型医学人才的有效路径。

本文通过对中国大陆地区医学院校的人体解剖 学实验教学基本条件进行调查，旨在分析存在的问题，提出改进建议。以问卷形式通过网络进行调查。调查获得了81 所医学院校人体解剖学实验教学基本条件和实验 技术人员现状基本资料，并进行统计分析。结果显示，中国大陆地区人体解剖学实验室条件建设虽然有一个快速 发展时期，但仍然存在发展不平衡问题；实验材料获取存在诸多困难，一线城市和二、三线城市院校比较各地区 间差异较大；数字组织和数字人体应用的普及不均衡。我国大陆地区人体解剖学实验室建设和实验教学发展不平 衡，在教学环境建设、尸体材料收集、数字人体辅助教学等多方面还需努力。

探索大学社团活动对大学生课程学习的积极作用和意义。学生社团活动是大学生学习生活重要的组成部分。 复旦大学医学院的学生成立了可视化协会，该协会是利用计算机图形和图像处理技术，将数据、内容等信息转换 成图形或图像，在课后学习医学插画、论文配图和医学3D模型，从而帮助和提升医学生对医学形态学知识的掌 握与认知的全新社团。社团活动匹配人体形态学课程，开展线上可视化绘画课程活动。在进行了10 余场，174 人 次的活动后进行了案例分析，问卷调查。调查结果显示, 社团活动的课程可帮助会员更好地掌握医学专业知识。 课程培训中对结构的观察与绘图使得学生对人体器官的结构、毗邻关系以及疾病后的形态变化有了具象化的理解 和更正确的认知，同时提升了自学能力和语言表达能力。由此可见，可视化协会社团活动可以成为形态学课程课 后学习的有效补充，提高医学生的学习质量。

Objective: To compare the correlation and difference of body type index and physical forms of the Wa nationality in China and Myanmar across different age groups and genders, and to clarify the body type characteristics of the Wa nationality in China and Myanmar. Methods: The Heath-Carter somatotype evaluation method was used to determine and evaluate the body types of 508 Wa people (326 males and 182 females) from China and 368 Wa people (242 males and 126 females) from Myanmar. Results: The average body size values of Chinese and Burmese Wa males were 2.3-5.6-2.7 and 2.2-5.7-3.5, respectively. The average body size values of Chinese and Burmese Wa females were 4.3-5.2-2.1 and 4.2-5.4-2.4, respectively. The endomorphic component values of Chinese Wa males and females were slightly higher than those of Myanmar Wa nationality, while the mesomorphic and ectomorphic component values were lower than those of Myanmar Wa nationality. For males in both groups, there were no significant differences in the three somatotype components across different age groups. Similarly, for females, there were no significant correlations in the three somatotype components across age groups. However, bone development, muscle strength, fat and linearity of the body were significantly different across different age groups, showing statistical significance. There was no significant difference in average somatotype values between the Wa nationality in China and Myanmar. Conclusion: The male of Sino-Burmese Wa nationality has higher linearity and slender body shape. The female of Sino-Burmese Wa nationality have a more pronounced distribution of subcutaneous fat, resulting in a more curvaceous physique. Overall, males predominantly exhibit a mesomorphic ectomorphic somatotype, while females predominantly exhibit a mesomorphic endomorphic somatotype.

Objective ： This study employs a cutting-edge machine learning approach， non-negative matrix factorization （NMF）， to map personalized cerebellar functional topographies. Its objective is to investigate the topological variances within cerebellar functional networks across individuals and to explore their potential correlations with cognitive behaviors. Methods： The resting-state brain functional data of individuals were processed through the NMF technique to obtain non-negative cerebellar functional networks specific to each individual， along with their corresponding non-negative time series. Results ： The NMF technique successfully identified 17 distinct cerebellar functional networks， each exhibiting significant individual variability at the personal level. Additionally， the study developed predictive models that associated the topological features of these networks with cognitive behaviors， highlighting the heterogeneity of cerebellar functional networks among individuals. Conclusion ： This study substantiates the effectiveness of NMF in capturing individualized cerebellar functional networks and reveals substantial inter-individual differences in these networks. These insights offer novel avenues for the precise diagnosis and treatment of neuropsychiatric disorders and contribute scientific groundwork for the formulation of future personalized neuroregulatory treatment strategies.

Objective: To investigate whether melatonin can alleviate ferroptosis induced by RAS-selective lethal small molecule 3 (RSL3) in AML12 cells and the role of melatonin receptor 1 (MT1) in the process. Methods: A ferroptosis model of AML12 cells was established via RSL3 induction. Cell viability was assessed by CCK-8 staining. Intracellular ferrous ion (Fe2+), reactive oxygen species (ROS), and lipid peroxidation levels were detected through fluorescent probe staining. Expressions of MT1 and ferroptosis-related proteins, namely long-chain acyl- CoA synthetase 4 (ACSL4) and glutathione peroxidase 4 (GPX4), were measured by Western blotting. The impact of MT1 knockdown on the effects of melatonin was observed using the broad-spectrum receptor antagonist of melatonin, N-acetyl-2-benzyltryptamine (Luz) and small RNA interference technology. Results: After RSL3 induction, AML12 cell viability decreased, GPX4 expression was reduced, and ACSL4 expression was increased, along with elevated levels of intracellular Fe2+, ROS, and lipid peroxidation. Melatonin pretreatment antagonized the changes in cell viability, ferroptosis-related proteins, intracellular Fe2+, ROS, and lipid peroxidation. RSL3 induction led to a decrease in MT1 expression in AML12 cells, which was rescued by melatonin administration. Luz and MT1 knockdown could both antagonize the protective effect of melatonin on AML12 cell ferroptosis. Conclusion: Melatonin may alleviate RSL3-induced ferroptosis in AML12 cells via MT1.

Objective： Using visualized digital human technology， to develop a growth and development model of children's mandibular bone， with the purpose of enhancing the visualization of orthodontic treatment planning， and improving the efficiency and accuracy of the orthodontic process. Methods： From the established frozen section dataset of a 6-year-old boy， a digital mandibular bone dataset of the child was manually extracted by combining grayscale image thresholding and image processing capabilities in Photoshop 2020 software.The extracted mandibular bone dataset was converted into a visualizable mandibular model by using surface modeling technology， and saved in STL format. Based on the cone beam CT imaging data of pediatric orthodontic patients， the Mimics 21.0 software was utilized to process the imaging data and extract the mandibular bone models of the pediatric patients. A mandibular growth and development model was developed by combining the laws of mandibular growth and development with the measurement data of pediatric patients. Additionally， Experiments involving circular holes with diameters of 10 mm and 5 mm， as well as elongated holes， were conducted on dried mandibular specimens to validate the accuracy of the mandibular growth and development model. Results： A mandibular growth model for orthodontic design was successfully developed. Conclusion：The application of visual digital human technology in constructing mandibular growth and development models provides a new perspective for orthodontic treatment planning and design.

The protective effect of exercise on the heart and its benefits in promoting cardiovascular health have been widely recognized. Exercise induces physiological hypertrophy of the myocardium, improves mitochondrial metabolism and function, regulates the balance of the cardiovascular autonomic nervous system. These mechanisms enhance cardiovascular fitness, improves cardiovascular metabolism and function, and reduce the risk of various cardiovascular diseases, playing a positive biological role in disease prevention and treatment. Exercise also has a beneficial health effect on the structure and function of the cardiovascular system by promoting the secretion of related exercise factors, inducing and activating related signaling pathways, improving insulin sensitivity and metabolism of the cardiovascular system, and enhancing antioxidant capacity. Studying the mechanisms of exercise-mediated benefits on cardiovascular structure and function and its role in disease prevention and treatment offers valuable theoretical insights for designing effective exercise-based health promotion strategies and holds great promise for clinical applications.

Objective: To explore the anterior extraperitoneal anatomical targeted surgical approach for acetabular fractures and to meet the requirements for precise minimally invasive robotic-assisted orthopedic surgery. Methods: Fresh adult Chinese cadavers were used with arterial perfusion. Based on the clinical needs of internal fixation of acetabular fractures, five most common fracture sites of acetabulum were selected, including anterior column, anterior wall, acetabular roof, medial quadrilateral surface and greater ischial notch. The distribution and density of blood vessels with diameter ≧ 2.0 mm were measured in the above areas. The shortest linear distance between blood vessels and bone was categorized as follows: Grade Ⅰ (extremely hazardous, 0–5.0 mm), Grade Ⅱ (highly hazardous, 5.0–10.0 mm), or Grade Ⅲ (moderately hazardous, 10.0–20.0 mm). Venous and arterial distribution density ≥ 10, 8, 6 vessels within a 30.0 mm radius was classified as Grade A (extremely hazardous), Grade B (highly hazardous), or Grade C (moderately hazardous). According to the above measurements, the vascular protection levels for5 regions were drawn up. The extraperitoneal targeted minimally invasive surgical pathways were summarized to avoid important blood vessels. Results: Grade I vessels included the corona mortis, obturator artery and vein, femoral artery and vein, superior gluteal artery and vein, which required level Ⅰ protection. Grade Ⅱ vessels comprised iliolumbar artery and vein, internal iliac artery and vein and their branches, external iliac artery and vein, inferior gluteal artery and vein, which needed level Ⅱ protection. Grade Ⅲ vessels consisted of deep inferior epigastric artery and vein, umbilical artery and vein, testicular artery and vein, which called for level Ⅲ protection. Grade A area was located at the greater sciatic notch. Grade B area was located at the obturator area of the superior pubic ramus, the acetabular roof and the medial quadrangle. Grade C area was located on the anterior wall. Blood vessels with a diameter ≧ 5.0mm could cause rapid fatal hemorrhage after injury, including common iliac artery and vein, external iliac artery and vein, and internal iliac artery and vein. The vascular protection levels for the five regions were as follows: level ⅠA (superior gluteal artery and vein, obturator artery and vein, and coronary artery of death), level IB (Femoral artery and vein), level ⅡA (internal iliac artery and vein, external iliac artery and vein), level ⅡB (inferior gluteal artery and vein), level ⅢB (testicular artery and vein, uterine round ligament artery and vein, umbilical artery and vein). Five extraperitoneal targeted minimally invasive pathways for acetabular fractures were identified in superior pubic ramus, anterior wall (2 sites), acetabulum roof, and the greater sciatic notch area of arcuate line. Three newly discovered arteries, with 1.0–1.5 mm in diameter, which were not described in previous anatomical works and literature, were named as the pubic posterior trophic branch of the coronary artery of death, the psoas major branch and peritoneal branch of the superior gluteal artery, and the acetabular parietal trophic branch of the iliacus vessel. Conclusion: This study provides five targeted pathways for robotic-assisted orthopedic surgery to achieve precise and minimally invasive treatment of acetabular fractures, which can allow rapid access to the five targeted fracture sites of the acetabulum and reduce the iatrogenic damage to normal tissues in non-fracture areas. The three newly discovered vessels enrich anatomical understanding of acetabular vasculature and are of significant significance to avoid intraoperative vascular injury and bleeding.

Objective ： The study aims to make full use of the existing data to obtain more accurate segmentation results of hippocampal head， body and tail， and to analyze and display them through visualization. Methods ： This study used a semi-supervised segmentation method to make full use of both labeled and unlabeled data on 103 adolescent brain MRI datasets. It employed two sub-networks for co-training， where each sub-network was not only trained by the labeled data， but also predicted the unlabeled data in order to obtain pseudo-labels that then guided the training process of the other sub-network. Results ： Experiments and visualization analysis showed that the method could achieve better hippocampal segmentation on both labeled and unlabeled data， and the hippocampal head， body and tail showed better morphological structures. Conclusion ： The method and system proposed in this study can help clinicians observe the hippocampus more clearly and accomplish more accurate diagnosis and analysis.

深度学习要求学习者在理解的基础上进行知识的深度加工和应用，越来越多的教育学者开始关注促进深度 学习的研究。为探讨在局部解剖学中引入“示教标本”的标准促进学生深度学习的效果，本文随机选取 2018 级 和2019 级临床医学专业5 年制各1 个班学生，在局部解剖学的教学过程中引入“示教标本”的标准，促进学生 深度学习，指导学生解剖出清晰的结构，做出精美的 可以示教的标本，通过第三方教师（ 非任课教师）巡 回观察评价课堂氛围，通过调查问卷分析学生对这种 教学方式的满意度，通过学习成绩评估教学效果。第 三方教师巡回观察结果显示实验组的课堂氛围好；调 — 167 — 1976 年美国学者 Ference Marton 和 Roger Säljö 首次提 出并阐述了深层学习与浅层学习2 个概念，联名发表了《学 习的本质区别：结果和过程》。不同于针对孤立记忆和非批 判性接受知识的浅层学习，深度学习是一种建立在理解基础 之上的学习，对知识产生高阶层次的认知和思考，更多地需 要学生内部的驱动[1]。深度学习是在理解学习的基础上，学 习者能够批判性地学习新的知识和思想，并将其融入已有 的认知结构中，能够在众多的思想间进行联系，并将已有 知识迁移到新的情境中，作为决策和解决问题的一种学习 方式[2]。黎加厚教授是最先介绍深度学习概念的中国学者[3]， 之后众多的学者开始研究深度学习[4-5]并将其运用在教学 中[6-7]。局部解剖学是联系基础医学与临床医学的重要学科， 但由于局部解剖学课时较少，内容偏多，知识点零散，难以 快速记忆掌握，因而学生学习的主动性和积极性不高，知识 掌握不牢。 如何突破教学的窠臼，如何培养具备主动性强、 沟通协作、创新思维的人才，是局部解剖学学习面临的重 要问题。针对以上问题，笔者尝试在局部解剖学解剖操作 中引入“示教标本”的标准，让学生自己动手制作精细的 示教标本，促进学生深度学习，深入贯彻“以学生为中心” （student-centeredness, SC）的教学理念[8-9]，建立“局部解剖 学深度学习教学模式”，培养学生自主学习、沟通协作、创 新思维与解决问题能力，解决当前学生学习上存在的问题， 也为课程教学改革提供一些借鉴。 1 对象和方法 1.1 研究对象与分组 研究对象为2018 级和2019 级临床医学二大班 5 年制本 科生，随机选取2018 级和2019 级临床医学二大班1 个班作 为实验组，余下班级作为相应年级对照组，学生在年龄和基 础知识上无显著差异，师资配备均为本系教龄10 年以上的 资深教师，采用同版教材，授课学时一致。局部解剖学课程 设置 72 学时，每周 2 次课，每次 4 学时，共18 次课。 对照组采用传统教学模式，无课前知识传递和课后的 巩固延伸，无小组讨论，教师首先简介本次课的内容，并指 出需解剖出的层次和结构，然后给学生播放解剖操作录像， 最后学生开始实验操作。实验组教师提前2 周将教学大纲、 教学进度、学习内容及相关示教标本制作流程在QQ 群和微 助教平台推送给学生，供学生自学使用，课堂时间，学生除 需解剖出重要层次和结构外，还需按照示教标本制作流程完 成相关示教标本的制作，课后继续巩固延伸。 1.2 实验组教学设计与实施 1.2.1 教学目标的设计与示教标本制作流程的撰写 在学 习之初，课程组教师就拟定了课程的学习目标和示教标本的 制作流程。应用于5 年制本科生的72 学时局部解剖学教学 中，不包括开颅取脑和盆腔解剖，所以示教标本的制作主要 集中在四肢和内脏，包括上下肢各大关节、气管支气管、肺、 心、肝胆、脾、肾、膀胱、胃、十二指肠、空回肠、集合淋 巴滤泡、回盲部、结肠、睾丸等。根据教学内容，每1~3 次 课布置若干个示教标本的制作。教师认真撰写标本制作流 程，并附上解剖图片，引导学生逐步做好精美的示教标本， 并在制作的过程中将本次课的知识点进行串联，加深理解和 记忆。示教标本制作流程提前2 周公布，以便学生提前学习。 1.2.2 分组要求 全班学生随机分为 6 组，指定组长，各 种学习活动分组进行。强调课下的自主学习，督促学生观 看教学视频，及时完成微助教群作业、课前预测试等环节。 以组为单位讨论解剖出的主要结构和示教标本制作感悟及 相关知识，课堂时间派代表讲解，每次课每组分配 1 名学 生讲解本组分配的示教标本，同时要求对其他组示教标本也 要熟悉，准备提问的问题，以便进行课堂讨论。 1.2.3 课前知识传递 学生根据教师发放的教学内容和教 学目标，自主完成对系统解剖学相关内容的复习，自行观 看局部解剖学PPT和相关视频，学生完成以上自学任务后， 完成网上课前小测试。教师及时记录评估学生的学习情况， 参加学生的谈论交流，答疑解惑，营造积极的学习环境。 1.2.4 课堂教学 课堂的具体实施过程可分为重难点理论 知识讲解、播放教学录像、学生解剖操作、学习小结、发放 示教标本制作流程等几个部分。 ①重难点理论知识讲解，教师运用PPT、图谱、模型和 标本讲解本次课的重难点，发布示教标本任务、指出需要解 剖出的结构和需要注意的事项、解答学生们自学过程中遇到 的问题。②教学录像，相关内容的教学录像，学生课前已经 自行观看，学生可与教师、同学进行讨论，解决学习过程中 的疑问。教师对集中的知识难点和问题进行讲解，并发布教 学任务和标本制作任务，推动学生深入学习。③学生解剖操 作与个性化指导，小组成员分“角色”进行解剖操作，有 主刀、助手、技术指导和顾问 4 种角色，教师巡回，了解 学生操作情况，进行个性化指导，营造积极和谐的学习氛围。 ④标本展示应用，解剖完毕后，每组选取一名学生讲解解 剖出的主要结构和变异结构以及示教标本制作过程中的感 悟和注意事项。随后便进入轻松的互动交流环节，学生积 极地对各组作品给予评价或提出建议，教师控制互动过程、 调节互动气氛。⑤总结点拨，课尾，教师对各组的作品及学 习表现给予总结和具有指导意义的评价，及时对各组学生 的解剖操作和讲解情况予以反馈和点评，促进学生的积极 性。学生观看优秀标本，促进学生对相关知识的理解和记忆， 培养批判性思维。之后，小组间进行自评和互评，组间评价， 查问卷结果表明实验组学生的认可度高，总体支持度为 91.67% ；考试成绩分析结果显示实验组的标本考试成绩、 理论考试成绩和总成绩均显著高于对照组。这表明深度学习的教学模式有利于提高学习效果，提升学生的能力和 优化学生的情感体验。

Objective ： To investigate the effects of Ophiopogonin B （OPB） on the migration， invasion， and epithelial mesenchymal transition （EMT） of cervical cancer cells by regulating the neurogenic gene homologous protein （Notch）/zinc finger transcription factor （Snail） signaling pathway. Methods ： The CCK8 method was applied to detect the survival rate and half-inhibitory concentration（IC50） of human cervical cancer SiHa cells with different concentrations of OPB. SiHa cells were separated into six groups ： SiHa group （control）， L-OPB group （5 μmol/L OPB）， M-OPB group （10 μmol/L OPB）， H-OPB group（ 20 μmol/L OPB）， Jagged 1 group（ H-OPB+Notch1 signal activator Jagged 1）， and DAPT group（ H-OPB+Notch signal inhibitor DAPT）. Each group was treated for 24 hours. CCK8 method was used to analyze cell proliferation, scratch test to analyze migration, transwell experiment to analyze invasion, flow cytometry to analyze apoptosis, and immunoblotting to detect the expression of EMT and Notch/Snail pathway proteins. The tumor volume and mass of the control group （saline administration） and the OPB group （OPB administration） were compared by cervical cancer mouse model. Immunohistochemistry was applied to analyze the expression of Notch and Snail in tumors. Results ： Compared with the SiHa group， the cell viability， clone count， migration distance percentage， and invasion number in the L-OPB group， M-OPB group， and H-OPB group decreased sequentially， while the apoptosis rate increased sequentially. Compared with the H-OPB group， the cell viability， clone count， migration distance percentage， and invasion number in the Jagged 1 group increased， while the apoptosis rate decreased ； the cellviability， clone count， migration distance percentage， and invasion number in the DAPT group decreased， while the apoptosis rate increased. Compared with the SiHa group， the expression of E-cadherin in the L-OPB group， M-OPB group， and H-OPB group increased sequentially， while the expression of vimentin， Notch， claudin-1， Snail， and N-cadherin decreased sequentially. Compared with the H-OPB group， the expression of vimentin， Notch， claudin-1， Snail， and N-cadherin in Jagged 1 group increased， while the expression of E-cadherin decreased ； the expression of E-cadherin in DAPT group increased， while the expression of vimentin， Notch， claudin-1， Snail， and N-cadherin decreased. Compared with the control group， the tumor volume， weight， and the positive expression rates of Notch and Snail were reduced in the OPB group. Conclusion ： OPB may inhibit the migration， invasion， and EMT of cervical cancer cells， which may be related to the inactivation of the Notch/Snail pathway.

Objective ： To investigate the effects and mechanism of Wogonoside on the activation of human hepatic stellate cells. Methods ： Hepatic stellate cells LX-2 were cultured in vitro， and 5 μg/L TGF-β1 was used to induce LX-2 cells to establish a model of hepatic stellate cell activation. The TGF-β1-induced LX-2 cells were treated with 2–32 μmol/L Wogonoside. The cell proliferation was detected by MTT method to determine the optimal drug concentration. The LX-2 cells were divided into control group， TGF-β1 group， Wogonoside drug groups （with concentrations of 4.0， 8.0， and 16.0 μmol/L， respectively）， and Wogonoside+PI3K activator group（ 16.0 μmol/L Wogonoside+P740Y-P）. The apoptosis of LX-2 cells and the protein expressions of α smooth muscle actin （α-SMA）， collagen Ⅰ， collagen Ⅱ， phosphorylated inositol 3-kinase （p-PI3K）， phosphorylated protein kinase B （p-AKT）， phosphorylated mammalian target of rapamycin （p-mTOR）， phosphorylated p70 ribosomal protein S6 kinase （p-p70S6K） protein were detected. Results ： The Wogonoside could obviously inhibit the proliferation of LX-2 cells induced by TGF-β1. Compared with the control group， the protein expression levels of α-SMA， collagen Ⅰ， collagen Ⅱ， p-PI3K， p-AKT， p-mTOR， and p-p70S6K in the TGF-β1 group were obviously increased. Compared with the TGF-β1 group， the apoptosis rates of LX-2 cells treated with Wogonoside concentrations of 4.0， 8.0， and 16.0 μmol/L were obviously increased， while the protein expression levels of α-SMA， collagen Ⅰ， collagen Ⅱ， p-PI3K， p-AKT， p-mTOR， and p-p70S6K were obviously decreased， in a drug concentration-dependent manner. P740Y-P could partially reverse the inhibitory effect of Wogonoside on TGF-β1-induced activation of LX-2 cells. Conclusion ： Wogonoside inhibits the activation and proliferation of human hepatic stellate cells by inhibiting the PI3K/AKT/mTOR/p70S6K signalingpathway.

Objective： To investigate the effects of aucubin on autophagy and apoptosis of retinal pigment epithelium cells induced by high glucose via regulation of Notch/Hes-1 signaling pathway. Methods ： The ARPE-19 retinal epithelial cells were divided into control group， high glucose group， high glucose+low dose aucubin group， high glucose+high dose aucubin group， and high glucose+high dose aucubin+Jagged-1 group. CCK-8 assay was applied to detect cell viability. The flow cytometry and Hoechst 33342/PI staining were applied to detect cell apoptosis rate and morphology. Transmission electron microscopy was used to observe autophagosomes in cells. Western blotting was adopted to detect the expression of autophagy-related proteins （LC3Ⅱ /LC3Ⅰ， p62）， apoptosis associated proteins （Bax， Bcl-2）， and Notch/Hes-1 signaling pathway-related proteins in ARPE-19 cells. Results ： Compared with the control group， the OD450 value （24， 48 h）， number of autophagosomes， the expression of Bcl-2， LC3Ⅱ /LC3Ⅰ proteins in ARPE-19 cells in the high glucose group were obviously reduced， while the apoptosis rate， the number of ARPE-19 cells with nuclear pyknosis， and the expression of Bax， p62， Notch， and Hes-1 proteins were obviously increased. Compared with the high glucose group， the OD450 value （24， 48 h）， number of autophagosomes， the expression of Bcl-2， LC3Ⅱ /LC3Ⅰ proteins in ARPE-19 cells in the high glucose+low-dose aucubin group and the high glucose+high-dose aucubin group were obviously increased， while the apoptosis rate， the number of ARPE-19 cells with nuclear pyknosis， and the expression of Bax， p62， Notch， and Hes-1 proteins were obviously reduced. Jagged-1 can attenuated the protective effect of aucubin on ARPE-19 cells. Conclusion ： The aucubin may inhibit the apoptosis of retinal pigment epithelium cells by inhibiting Notch/Hes-1 signaling pathway and promoting autophagy.