Objective: To compare the correlation and difference of body type index and physical forms of the Wa nationality in China and Myanmar across different age groups and genders, and to clarify the body type characteristics of the Wa nationality in China and Myanmar. Methods: The Heath-Carter somatotype evaluation method was used to determine and evaluate the body types of 508 Wa people (326 males and 182 females) from China and 368 Wa people (242 males and 126 females) from Myanmar. Results: The average body size values of Chinese and Burmese Wa males were 2.3-5.6-2.7 and 2.2-5.7-3.5, respectively. The average body size values of Chinese and Burmese Wa females were 4.3-5.2-2.1 and 4.2-5.4-2.4, respectively. The endomorphic component values of Chinese Wa males and females were slightly higher than those of Myanmar Wa nationality, while the mesomorphic and ectomorphic component values were lower than those of Myanmar Wa nationality. For males in both groups, there were no significant differences in the three somatotype components across different age groups. Similarly, for females, there were no significant correlations in the three somatotype components across age groups. However, bone development, muscle strength, fat and linearity of the body were significantly different across different age groups, showing statistical significance. There was no significant difference in average somatotype values between the Wa nationality in China and Myanmar. Conclusion: The male of Sino-Burmese Wa nationality has higher linearity and slender body shape. The female of Sino-Burmese Wa nationality have a more pronounced distribution of subcutaneous fat, resulting in a more curvaceous physique. Overall, males predominantly exhibit a mesomorphic ectomorphic somatotype, while females predominantly exhibit a mesomorphic endomorphic somatotype.

The foot is a critical weight-bearing and locomotive organ of human body, with its morphological and dimensional variations influenced by factors such as gender, age and ethnicity. The morphological characteristics and dimensions of the foot during different periods also have a significant impact on athletic performance and competitive abilities. Current research on foot morphology encompasses age, gender, and ethnic differences in foot morphology; factors influencing foot morphology; methods for collecting foot-related data; and applications of foot morphology. This review summarizes research data and conclusions from existing literature, outlines the current state of foot morphology variation studies and related measurement methods, and examines domestic research progress while offering future prospects.

“新医科”背景下，虚实结合实验教学新模式成为基础医学实验教学改革的方向。本研究探索了小鼠卵母细 胞发育虚拟与实践融合实验教学模式的应用效果。29 个学生在完成虚拟仿真实验后，理论测试成绩达（95.59±5.38） 分，平均成绩显著高于90 分基准，82.8% 的学生成绩≥ 90 分，表明其有效促进了生殖细胞相关知识的掌握。线下 实操中，75.9% 的学生实验报告成绩≥ 90 分，证实了虚实结合模式对卵母细胞识别等实践技能的提升作用。问卷调 查显示，融合实验在操作体验、学习倾向性方面显著优于纯虚拟实验，且更能提升临床思维、团队协作等综合能力。 结果表明，虚实融合教学模式可显著提高医学实验教学质量，是培养创新型医学人才的有效路径。

The traditional view holds that bone tissue lacked lymphatic vessels, but recent studies utilizing advanced imaging techniques have confirmed the presence of functional lymphatics in bone, joints, and intervertebral discs. The lymphatic system plays a crucial role in bone homeostasis and repair by clearing metabolic waste and coordinating the immune microenvironment. Pathological inflammation can remodel lymphatic function, and targeting lymphatics (e.g., modulating VEGF-C signaling) has shown potential to promote bone regeneration in animal models. Such findings have overturned traditional understanding, providing novel perspectives for understanding bone repair mechanisms and developing new therapies for bone and joint disorders.

Objective: To explore the effects of protocatechuic acid (PCA) on bone metabolism and Yes-associated protein 1/acyl-CoA synthetase long-chain family member 4/lysophosphatidylcholine acyltransferase 3 (YAP/ACSL4/ LPCAT3)-mediated ferroptosis in a rat model of steroid-induced osteonecrosis of the femoral head (SONFH). Methods: The SONFH model of rats was prepared and randomly divided into the control group, the SONFH group, and the Liproxstatin-1 (ferroptosis inhibitor) group, the low-dose PCA (PCA-L) group, the high-dose PCA (PCA-H) group, and the PCA-H+Verteporfin (YAP activator) group based on the SONFH model. Serum Ca, P, total iron ion concentrations, bone metabolism and oxidative stress levels were detected. Flow cytometry was applied to detect the level of reactive oxygen species (ROS). Micro-CT was performed to observe the femoral morphology. Transmission electron microscopy was employed to observe the ultrastructural changes in femoral head, H-E staining was utilized to observe the pathological changes in femoral head. Immunohistochemistry was used to detect the expressions of ferroptosis-related proteins in femoral head. Western blotting were adopted to detect the expressions of YAP1, ACSL4 and LPCAT3 in femoral head. Results: Compared with the control group, the SONFH grouphad severe pathological damage of the femoral head. The Ca, P, osteoprotegerin (OPG), OPG/receptor activator of nuclear factor-κB ligand ratio, glutathione, level glutathione peroxidase 4 and solute carrier family 7 member 11 expressions were decreased, while the total iron concentration, RANKL, malondialdehyde, ROS content, and YAP1, ACSL4, and LPCAT3 expressions were increased. Liproxstatin-1, PCA-L and PCA-H groups significantly improved the pathological damage of the femoral head and reversed the trend of the above indicators. Verteporfin treatment partially reversed the improvement effect of PCA-H treatment on bone metabolism in SONFH rats. Conclusion: PCA can improve bone metabolism in SONFH rats by inhibiting the YAP/ACSL4/LPCAT3 pathway-mediated ferroptosis.

The lumbar intervertebral foramen serves as a critical access route in posterolateral minimally invasive spinal surgery, transmitting vital neurovascular structures such as nerve roots and blood vessels, and is characterized by complex anatomical relationships. Damage to these structures during surgical procedures may lead to severe complications. Therefore, a deep understanding of the regional anatomy of the lumbar intervertebral foramen is crucial for percutaneous endoscopic surgery. This article reviews the bony structure of the intervertebral foramen, the definition and measurement of the Kambin ’s safe triangle, the course of intraframinal nerve roots and th e classification of ganglia, as well as the distribution characteristics of ligaments and blood vessels, with the aim of discussing how this anatomical knowledge can promote the selection of surgical approaches, the improvement of specialized instruments, and the avoidance of operational risks, thereby providing an anatomical basis for the precise application of this technique.

探讨基于成果导向教育（OBE）理念多学科融合教学模式在系统解剖学教学中的应用效果。以脑干为例， 选取本校2023 级五年制临床专业的学生为实验组，采用OBE 理念结合多学科融合的教学方法，与往年沿用传 统教学法的2022 级五年制同专业进行对照，学生通过考核成绩、及格率和教学效果问卷调查评估该教学方法 在系统解剖学教学中的应用效果。结果显示，实验组学生过程性、终结性考核成绩分别为（86.13±3.25）分和 （8.57±0.32）分，及格率分别为96.58% 和89.16%，均较对照组学生明显提高；实验组学生对教学效果各方面好 评率均高于对照组学生，差异有统计学意义。OBE 理念下多学科融合教学模式有助于激发学生对系统解剖学的学 习兴趣，提高学生的学习成绩，提升教学效果。

Human anatomy has emerged from humanity’s practical exploration of the human body. Anatomy has played an irreplaceable role in the advancement of medicine, from the mummification practices of ancient Egypt to Leonardo da Vinci’s anatomical sketches during the Renaissance, from Vesalius’s De humani corporis fabrica to modern digital anatomical atlases. The history of this discipline not only reflects continuous innovations in science and technology but also embodies the deepening of human self-understanding. However, with the rapid advancement of modern medicine, traditional anatomical research faces many challenges, and its role and future direction within the medical system have sparked widespread academic reflection. Based on the realities of traditional anatomy and integrating historical evolution with contemporary medical needs, this article explores new pathways for anatomical research. It emphasizes the critical value of clinical applied anatomy, analyzes the synergistic relationship between human anatomy and surgery, and envisions future directions for anatomical research empowered by modern technologies, thereby providing insights for innovative development in the field.

Objective: To systematically delineate the afferent and efferent connectivity patterns of temporal association cortex (TeA), with particular focus on elucidating its divergent upstream inputs relative to primary auditory cortex (Au1). Methods: Using adult C57BL/6J wild-type mice, we performed bidirectional viral tracing through stereotaxic injections. For retrograde tracing, AAV2/retro-hSyn-mCherry was injected into either TeA or Au1 to label and quantify upstream input neurons. For anterograde tracing, HSV1-H129 was injected specifically into TeA to map and quantify its downstream projection targets. Results: Both Au1 and TeA received extensive upstream inputs, including ipsilateral and contralateral auditory cortices, thalamus and other cortical regions. Compared with Au1, TeA received more inputs from the limbic system and entorhinal cortex. Downstream projections showed that TeA targeted auditory cortex, auditory thalamus, amygdala, pontine nuclei and other brain regions. Conclusion: In contrast to Au1, TeA, as a multisensory integration hub, receives more inputs from the limbic system and cerebral cortex, and widely projects to brain regions related to emotion, movement and sensory regulation, suggesting its potential key role in sensory-motor integration networks.

Objective: To investigate whether melatonin can alleviate ferroptosis induced by RAS-selective lethal small molecule 3 (RSL3) in AML12 cells and the role of melatonin receptor 1 (MT1) in the process. Methods: A ferroptosis model of AML12 cells was established via RSL3 induction. Cell viability was assessed by CCK-8 staining. Intracellular ferrous ion (Fe2+), reactive oxygen species (ROS), and lipid peroxidation levels were detected through fluorescent probe staining. Expressions of MT1 and ferroptosis-related proteins, namely long-chain acyl- CoA synthetase 4 (ACSL4) and glutathione peroxidase 4 (GPX4), were measured by Western blotting. The impact of MT1 knockdown on the effects of melatonin was observed using the broad-spectrum receptor antagonist of melatonin, N-acetyl-2-benzyltryptamine (Luz) and small RNA interference technology. Results: After RSL3 induction, AML12 cell viability decreased, GPX4 expression was reduced, and ACSL4 expression was increased, along with elevated levels of intracellular Fe2+, ROS, and lipid peroxidation. Melatonin pretreatment antagonized the changes in cell viability, ferroptosis-related proteins, intracellular Fe2+, ROS, and lipid peroxidation. RSL3 induction led to a decrease in MT1 expression in AML12 cells, which was rescued by melatonin administration. Luz and MT1 knockdown could both antagonize the protective effect of melatonin on AML12 cell ferroptosis. Conclusion: Melatonin may alleviate RSL3-induced ferroptosis in AML12 cells via MT1.

Objective: To explore the anatomical features of the posterior distal tibia and to design a bone plate based on three-dimensional reconstruction. Methods: Computed tomography (CT) data of the distal tibia and fibula from 57 healthy adults (30 males, 27 females; 30 left, 27 right; mean age, 42.9 years) were retrospectively analyzed. Fortynine parameters across nine groups were measured, and differences between sexes and sides were assessed by using the t test or Mann–Whitney U test. Results: Twelve parameters showed significant sex differences (e.g., HPS, ∠ A0, ∠ CAPM35, DOC35, ∠ B2), and seven parameters exhibited significant side differences ( ∠ A0, ∠ CAPM25, ∠ B1, h2–h4). Transverse sections revealed that the posteromedial ridge transitions from a sharp angle distally to a blunt arc proximally, with DOC and ∠ CAPM describing the blunt segment. Sagittal section analysis showed that, posterior malleolar height (h) displayed a wave-like pattern, peaking in zone 3 and reaching a minimum in zone 5. The posterior malleolar arc parameters ( ∠ P, d, rad) progressively decreased from distal to proximal. Notable individual variations were observed, with a small proportion of posterior malleoli tending to be flatter and showing markedly larger arc radii than in other individuals. Conclusion: The posterior distal tibia demonstrates quantifiable anatomical characteristics that are partly influenced by sex and side. Three-dimensional measurements provide a basis for the individualized design of helical-surface fixation plates and may offer innovative strategies for the surgical management of posterior malleolar fractures.

Objective: To investigate the effect of miR-488-3p targeting pentraxin 3 (PTX3) on the osteogenic differentiation of bone marrow mesenchymal stem cells (BMSCs). Methods: QRT-PCR was used to detect the expression of miR-488-3p and PTX3 mRNA in undifferentiated and differentiated BMSCs. BMSCs were divided into seven groups: control group, inhibition control group, miR-488-3p inhibition group, overexpression control group, PTX3 overexpression group, miR-488-3p inhibition+si-NC group, and miR-488-3p inhibition+si-PTX3 group. QRTPCR was applied to detect the expression of miR-488-3p and the mRNA expression of PTX3, Runt-related transcription factor 2 (Runx2), osterix, osteocalcin (OCN), and osteopontin (OPN) in BMSCs. CCK-8 was used to detect the viability of BMSCs. The activity of alkaline phosphatase (ALP) and the degree of ALP staining in BMSCs were detected. Alizinin red staining was adopted to detect calcium deposition levels and OD570 in BMSCs. Western blotting was employed to detect the protein expression levels of Runx2, osterix, OCN, OPN, and PTX3. Additionally, the relationship between miR-488-3p and PTX3 was verified. Results: In differentiated BMSCs, the expression of miR-488-3p was downregulated, while the expression of PTX3 mRNA was upregulated. Either inhibiting miR-488-3p or overexpressing PTX3 significantly increased the expression level of PTX3 mRNA, BMSC viability, ALP activity, degree of ALP staining, calcium deposition level, OD570, as well as the mRNA and protein expression levels of Runx2, osterix, OCN, and OPN in BMSCs. Silencing PTX3 reversed the promoting effect of miR-488-3p inhibition on the osteogenic differentiation of BMSCs. Moreover, miR-488-3p was found to target and regulate the expression of P TX3. Conclusion: Inhibition of miR-488-3p may promote osteogenic differentiation of BMSCs by upregulating of PTX3.

Objective: To investigate the existence, morphological characteristics and function of the apical ligament of the coronoid process in the elbow joint through integrated anatomical, histological and imaging analyses. Methods: Ten frozen elbow joints from cadavers were dissected to measure the coronoid process and to isolate capsulo-ligamentous structures. The collagen fiber structure of the joint capsule was analyzed by tissue staining and sectioning. The CT images from 20 patients with elbow joint fractures were collected. Having been reconstructed on the three-dimensional images, the height and width of the coronary process, and the distance between the fracture fragment and the humeral trochlear were measured. Results: Anatomical studies showed that white connective tissue attached to the cartilaginous surface of the coronoid process. Histological sections, scanned through CaseViewer 2.4 software, showed ligament-like tissue attached to the bony tissue of the coronoid, with an attachment point thickness of (1.86±0.45) mm. The imaging analysis indicated that the height of the coronoid process fracture was (7.68±3.54) mm, the linear distance from the fracture to the humerus was (3.18±0.87) mm, and the distance from the fracture to the midpoint of the olecranon was (14.57±3.32) mm. According to the Regan Morrey classification, there were 14 type Ⅰ , 4 type Ⅱ , and 2 type Ⅲ fractures. There was no significant correlation between the distance from the fracture fragment to the humerus and the fragment height or distance to the olecranon midpoint. Conclusion: Anatomical and histological analyses revealed the presence of a ligament-like structure within the anterior aspect of the coronoid process capsule. Imaging evaluations demonstrated no significant correlation between the linear distance from the fracture fragment to the humeral axis, the height of the fracture fragment, and its distance to the midpoint of the olecranon. Furthermore, a distinct ligamentous attachment was identified at the tip of the ulnarcoronoid process, herein termed the apical ligament. These findings contribute to a refined understanding of coronoid tip anatomy, support the standardization of treatment strategies for coronoid tip fractures, and enhance postoperative rehabilitation while reducing the risk of complications.

The protective effect of exercise on the heart and its benefits in promoting cardiovascular health have been widely recognized. Exercise induces physiological hypertrophy of the myocardium, improves mitochondrial metabolism and function, regulates the balance of the cardiovascular autonomic nervous system. These mechanisms enhance cardiovascular fitness, improves cardiovascular metabolism and function, and reduce the risk of various cardiovascular diseases, playing a positive biological role in disease prevention and treatment. Exercise also has a beneficial health effect on the structure and function of the cardiovascular system by promoting the secretion of related exercise factors, inducing and activating related signaling pathways, improving insulin sensitivity and metabolism of the cardiovascular system, and enhancing antioxidant capacity. Studying the mechanisms of exercise-mediated benefits on cardiovascular structure and function and its role in disease prevention and treatment offers valuable theoretical insights for designing effective exercise-based health promotion strategies and holds great promise for clinical applications.

Objective: To explore the feasibility of the second sacral vertebrae (S2) pedicle screw fixation and provide anatomical basis for its placement. Methods: Adult cadaveric lumbosacral specimens were selected, and parameters including screw trajectory length and lateral angulation angle were measured. Results: The lateral trajectory length was (26.87±4.28) mm, with a lateral angulation angle of (29.26±7.87)°; the medial trajectory length was (34.69±5.60) mm, with a lateral angulation angle of (44.81±4.74)°. Conclusion: S2 pedicle screw fixation is feasible with an appropriate lateral angulation ang le.

Nuclear receptor coactivator 4 (NCOA4), a key protein in the regulation of intracellular iron homeostasis, has garnered increasing attention for its role in mediating ferroptosis during intervertebral disc degeneration (IVDD). IVDD is a degenerative condition characterized by nucleus pulposus cell senescence and degradation of the extracellular matrix. This article systematically reviews the molecular mechanisms by which NCOA4 triggers ferroptosis via the ferritinophagy pathway and focuses on the potential roles of NCOA4-associated signaling pathways in regulating iron metabolism dysregulation, oxidative stress, and nucleus pulposus cell apoptosis within the IVDD process. The aim of this review is to provide new insights for tar geted therapies of IVDD.

Objective: To provide anatomical support for clinical practice through data measurement of relevant structures in the pelvic acetabular region. Methods: Bilateral cadaver dissection was performed to measure anatomical data related to the corona mortis, as well as vascular variations. Results: In specimens where the corona mortis was present, the distance from the superior border of the pubic symphysis to the junction of the arcuate line and the superior pubic ramus was 50.92 mm±2.53 mm; the angle between the line connecting the upper edge of the pubic symphysis to this intersection and the coronal axis was 33.00°±1.50°. In all 30 cadavers, the distance from the upper edge of the pubic symphysis to the junction of the obturator nerve and the superior pubic ramus was 73.20 mm±2.64 mm. The angle between the line connecting the upper edge of the pubic symphysis to the junction of the obturator nerve and the superior pubic ramus and the coronal axis was 60.37°±2.68°. The distance from the midpoint of the upper edge of the pubic symphysis to the origin of the inferior epigastric artery was 67.60 mm±3.45 mm. There were no statistically significant differences between male and female cadavers. Satisfactory results were observed in clinical surgeries. Conclusions: This study delineates the anatomical foundation for treating pelvic acetabular fractures from a total laparoscopic perspective, aim ing to enhance surgical effectiveness and safety.

探索线上线下混合式局部解剖学形成性考核的实践效果。选取临床医学五年制专业2023 级134 个学生为研 究对象，在基于云班课的线上线下混合式局部解剖学教学过程中，形成性考核按照云班课平时成绩和标本考核2 部分实施。教学实践后，通过考核成绩分析和问卷调查进行教学效果评价。结果显示，学生形成性考核成绩与课 程总成绩呈明显的正相关，课程总成绩好于2022 级同专业学生；标本辨认、实践操作和分析临床问题的能力提 升明显；对于团队协作、职业素养和大爱精神等隐性素养共情也得到提升。结果说明该形成性考核可实现对学生 在知识、能力和素质方面多维度、全过程的动态考核评价，提升课程知识、能力和素质目标的达成度，有力促进 “以学生为中心、以能力为导向”的教学理念落地。

Objective: To analyze the impacts of quercetin on lipopolysaccharide (LPS)-induced osteoblast apoptosis and bone morphogenetic protein 2 (BMP2)/Runt-related transcription factor 2 (Runx2) pathway. Methods: Mouse osteoblast MC3T3-E1 cells were cultured in vitro and randomly divided into control group (untreated), LPS group (500 ng/mL LPS treatment), and low-, medium- and high-dose quercetin groups (added 10, 25, 50 μmol/L quercetin on the basis of LPS group). The proliferation of MC3T3-E1 cells was detected by CCK-8 assay. Apoptosis of MC3T3-E1 cells was detected by flow cytometry. Alizarin red staining was applied to measure the relative proportion of cell mineralized nodules. Alkaline phosphatase (ALP) kit was adopted to measure cellular ALP activity. ELISA method was performed to measure the levels of type Ⅰ collagen, inflammatory factors tumor necrosis factor α (TNF-α) and interleukin 6 (IL-6) of cells in each group. Western blotting was employed to measure the levels of BMP2/Runx2 pathway and apoptosis-related proteins in MC3T3-E1 cells in each group. Results: The cell proliferation inhibition rate, apoptosis rate, levels of TNF-α, IL-6, as well as the protein levels of Bax and cleavedcaspase- 3 of MC3T3-E1 cells in LPS group at 48 h were higher than those of control group, while the relative proportion of mineralized nodules, ALP activity, and the protein levels of collagen type Ⅰ , BMP2, Runx2 and Bcl-2 were lower than those of control group. The cell proliferation inhibition rate, apoptosis rate, levels of TNF-α, IL-6, as well as the protein levels of Bax and cleaved-caspase-3 of MC3T3-E1 cells in the low-, medium- and highconcentration quercetin groups at 48 h were lower than those of the LPS group, while the relative proportion of mineralized nodules, ALP activity, and the protein levels of collagen type Ⅰ , BMP2, Runx2 and Bcl-2 were higher than those in the LPS group, and these effects were dose-dependent. Conclusion: Quercetin may inhibit LPS-induced osteoblast apoptosis and inflammatoryresponse by activating the BMP2/Runx2 pathway, and antagonize the inhibitory effect of LPS on osteogenic differentiation.

Objective: To explore the mechanism by which Ras-related protein Rab-11A (Rab11a) promotes the invasion and metastasis of colorectal cancer (CRC) through its regulation of protein kinase B (AKT) expression and subsequent effects on the Hippo signaling pathway . Methods: Western blotting was employed to detect the expression levels of Rab11a, phosphorylated AKT (p-AKT), phosphatase and tensin homolog (PTEN), nuclear Yes-associated protein (YAP), nuclear activator protein 1 (AP-1), cadherin 2 (CDH2), and microtubule-actin crosslinking factor 1 (MACF1). Wound healing, colony formation, flow cytometry, and Transwell assays were conducted to evaluate the proliferation and migration capabilities of SW480 cells. A nude mouse tumor model was established to assess the impact of Rab11a on tumor growth. Results: Bioinformatics analysis revealed that the expression of Rab11a was significantly higher in colorectal cancer tissues compared with normal tissues, and exhibited significant correlations with the expression of PTEN, AKT, YAP, and AP-1. Experiment results demonstrated that inhibition of Rab11a significantly reduced the expression of p-AKT, nuclear YAP, and nuclear AP-1, while increasing the expression of PTEN. Furthermore, Rab11a knockdown significantly attenuated the migration, proliferation, and invasion of colorectal cancer cells. The nude mouse tumor model further confirmed that overexpression of Rab11a significantly promoted tumor growth, whereas interventions targeting PTEN and YAP suppressed this effect. Conclusion: Rab11a can promote colorectal cancer invasion and metastasis through AKT-mediated inhibition of Hippo pathway.

The synergistic innovation between anatomy and orthopedics holds significant importance for the advancement of medical science. Anatomy provides theoretical support for orthopedic practice, while clinical orthopedics, in turn, drives in-depth anatomical research. Thanks to rapid developments in minimally invasive surgery, biomaterials, artificial joints, 3D printing, and robot-assisted surgery, modern orthopedics continues to raise new demands for the understanding of human morphological structures. The interactive innovation between the two disciplines is expected to enhance both the research level of clinical anatomy and the quality of orthopedic diagnosis and treatment. In this context, the establishment of the Orthopedic Anatomy Branch of the Chinese Society of Anatomical Sciences will promote interdisciplinary integration, resource sharing, and complementary advantages, accelerate the transformation of scientific research into clinical applications, improve orthopedic medical practices, and open up new avenues in medical education to cultivate high-quality medical professionals. In the future, the two disciplines are expected to achieve more breakthroughs in cutting-edge areas, driving medical progress and making greater contributions to human health.

Objective: To investigate the effect of propofol on osteogenic differentiation of rat osteoblasts and its possible mechanism. Methods: Osteoblasts isolated from neonatal SD rat calvariae were induced to differentiate and were divided into control (differentiation induction only), propofol (12.5, 25.0, and 50.0 μmol/L), and propofol+ phosphatidylinositol 3-kinase (PI3K) inhibitor (LY294002) groups (50.0 μmol/L propofol+10.0 μmol/L LY294002). After 7 d of culture, RT-qPCR was used to detect the mRNA expression levels of alkaline phosphatase (ALP), osteocalcin (OCN), osteopontin (OPN), Runt-related transcription factor 2 (RUNX2), and osterix (Osx) genes in osteoblasts. The expressions of OCN, OPN, RUNX2 and Osx proteins were detected by immunofluorescence staining. Western blotting was performed to detect PI3K, p-PI3K, protein kinase B (AKT), p-AKT, and B-cell lymphomaextra large (Bcl-xL) proteins. ALP staining was adopted after 14 days of cultivation to detect the positivity rate of ALP in rat osteoblasts. After 21 days of cultivation, Alizarin red staining was applied to detect the mineralized nodule formation of rat osteoblasts. Results: After the treatment of propofol with different concentrations, the ALPpositive rate of osteoblasts, mineralized nodule formation, mRNA levels of ALP, OCN, OPN, RUNX2 and Osx, immunofluorescence intensity of OCN, OPN, RUNX2 and Osx, as well as the ratios of p-PI3K/PI3K and p-AKT/AKT and the expression of Bcl-xL were increased. LY294002 attenuated the effects of 50.0 μmol/L propofol on osteogenic differentiation of rat osteoblasts. Conclusion: Propofol promotes osteogenic differentiation of rat osteoblasts, and its mechanism of action may be associated with the activation of th e PI3K/AKT/Bcl-xL signaling pathway.

Objective: To explore the effects of safflower yellow (SY) on the angiogenesis and fracture healing in osteoporotic fracture (OPF) rats through activation of the hypoxia-inducible growth factor-1α (HIF-1α)/vascular endothelial growth factor (VEGF) signaling pathway. Methods: An ORF model of rats was established and randomly divided into five groups: sham operation group, model group, SY group (15.75 mg/kg), inhibitor group (HIF-1α inhibitor-digoxin, 0.05 mg/kg), SY (15.75 mg/kg) + inhibitor (0.05 mg/kg) group. After the administration, X-ray examination was conducted to assess the fracture and healing status of the rats; the changes in bone mineral density (BMD) and bone mineral content (BMC) in callus tissue were detected; H-E staining was used to observe the histopathological changes in rat callus tissue; ELISA was performed to detect the levels of serum biochemical indicators of rats-bone morphogenetic protein-2 (BMP-2) and insulin-like growth factor-1 (IGF-1); Western blotting and RT-qPCR were employed to determine the expression of HIF-1α and VEGF proteins and mRNA in rat callus tissue. Results: Compared with the sham operation group, the model group exhibited clear fracture lines, less callus growth and no connection, disorganized and sparse bone trabeculae, a few osteoblasts and newly formed blood vessels. The fracture healing score, BMD, BMC, HIF-1α, VEGF protein and mRNA expression, BMP-2, and IGF-1 levels were significantly reduced. Compared with the model group, the histopathological changes in the callus tissue and fracture healing of the rats in the SY group were improved, with fracture healing score, BMD, BMC, HIF-1α, VEGF protein and mRNA expression, BMP-2,and IGF-1 levels significantly increased. Compared with the model group, the inhibitor group showed poorer histopathological changes in the callus tissue and the fracture healing, with significant reductions in fracture healing score, BMD, BMC, HIF-1α, VEGF protein and mRNA expression, BMP-2, and IGF-1 levels. Compared with the SY group, the fracture healing score, BMD, BMC, HIF-1α, VEGF protein and mRNA expression, BMP-2, and IGF-1 levels in the SY + inhibitor group were significantly reduced. Conclusion: SY can promote angiogenesis at the fracture site, improve the morphology of bone tissue in osteoporotic rats by activating the HIF-1α/VEGF signaling pathway, thereby accelerating the process of fracture healing.

为有效推动国产AI 大模型在系统解剖学教学中的深度融合与应用，赋能学科发展并提升教学质量，本研 究聚焦DeepSeek、通义万相、智谱AI、Kimi、豆包AI、海螺AI 6 大代表性模型，系统梳理了其核心模板与主要 功能。通过提出具体的系统解剖学课程设计案例，深入比较分析了各模型在教学应用中的差异与独特优势，探 讨了相关技术在理论教学、实践教学等不同环节的应用路径。研究揭示了AI 大模型在辅助教学、激发学习兴趣、 提供个性化资源方面的显著潜力，同时也指出了其在专业知识精准性、伦理合规性等方面存在的挑战。应用实践 证明，合理整合这些模型能有效提升系统解剖学教学效果，促进学生人工智能素养与综合素质的培养。

为在人体系统解剖学实验教学的标本制作中节省尸体材料的用量，做到1 个标本多种显示，1 个标本多种 功能，笔者在人体脊柱连结胸腰段标本制作中，通过在1 个标本上应用多种截面的方法，成功制作出1 个标本能 显示脊柱胸腰段所有连结的结构、位置和形态的人体脊柱连结胸腰段标本。既节省了尸体材料的用量，又减少了 所需标本的数量，同时也减轻了教学准备的工作量。

针对透射电子显微镜实验教学中存在的操作复杂、设备共享不足、学生实操机会有限等问题，本研究创新 应用汉信码技术。该技术将实验步骤、仪器操作视频等关键教学资源编码生成汉信码，置于实验设备及手册上。 学生通过扫码即可即时化、场景化获取精准指导，应用于实验演示、自主学习和动态考核等环节，覆盖动物麻醉、 玻璃刀制备等关键技能。教学实践表明，92.85% 的学生认可该教学方式，实验操作成绩显著提升，超微结构识 别正确率提高12.60%。汉信码有效提升了透射电子显微镜实验教学效率与学生实操能力，为实验课程数字化改 革提供了可推广的技术路径。

探讨利用 3D 打印技术制作可拆卸颅骨模型用于解剖学教学的价值。 将 CT 扫描获取的整体颅影像数据， 应用 Mimics Medical 21.0 软件构建分离颅骨三维数字模型，3D 打印分离颅骨，并组装成可拆卸颅骨模型。将本 校临床医学专业一年级医学生分为对照组与观察组，观察组在常规教学基础上增加 3D 打印可拆卸颅骨模型学习， 对其在解剖学教学中的实用性进行评价。结果显示，3D 打印可拆卸颅骨模型可真实反映颅骨外形和内部结构， 可反映不同结构骨质厚度。学生通过触摸和拆卸，可以更直观地感受颅骨结构，降低认知难度，提高学习效果。 该模型比实物标本更容易被学生接受，且制作成本低、可批量生产。3D 打印可拆卸颅骨模型在解剖学教学中应 用价值突出，值得推广应用。

Objective: To investigate the effect of Tangeretin (TAN) on high glucose (HG)-induced apoptosis in trophoblast cells by regulating the Ras homologous gene family member A (RhoA)/Rho-associated coiled-coil forming protein kinase (ROCK) signaling pathway. Methods: Human chorionic trophoblast cells (HTR8-SVneo) were cultured in vitro and randomly divided into control group (conventional culture), HG group (25 mmol/L glucose), L-TAN, M-TAN, H-TAN groups (25, 50, and 100 μg/mL TAN, respectively), and PMA group (100 μg/mL TAN+100 ng/mL RhoA/ROCK signaling pathway activator PMA). MTT method and colony formation assay were applied to detect cell proliferation. ELISA was applied to detect the levels of interleukin (IL) 1β (IL-1β), tumor necrosis factor-α (TNF-α), IL-6 and IL-8. Flow cytometry was applied to detect apoptosis. Western blotting was used to detect the expression of proliferating cell nuclear antigen (PCNA), apoptosis-associated proteins (Bcl-2, Bax, cleaved caspase-3), and proteins related to the RhoA/ROCK signaling pathway (RhoA, ROCK). Results: Compared with the control group, the A490 of cells, clone number, the PCNA, Bcl-2 protein expression in the HG group were decreased, while the IL-1β, TNF-α, IL-6, IL-8, apoptosis rate, cleaved caspase-3, Bax, RhoA, ROCK protein expression were elevated. Compared with the HG group, the A490 of cells, clone number, the PCNA, Bcl-2 protein expression in the L-TAN, M-TAN, and H-TAN groups were increased, while the IL-1β, TNF-α, IL-6, IL-8, apoptosis rate, cleaved caspase-3, Bax, RhoA, ROCK protein expression were decreased. Compared withH-TAN group, the A490 of cells, clone number, the PCNA, Bcl-2 protein expression in PMA group were decreased, while the IL-1β, TNF-α, IL-6, IL-8, apoptosis rate, cleaved caspase-3, Bax, RhoA, ROCK protein expression were elevated. Conclusion: Tangeretin may attenuate high glucose-induced inflammatory responses in trophoblast cells by inhibiting the RhoA/ROCK signaling pathway, thereby promoting cell proliferation and inhibiting cell apoptosis.

The integration of sports and medicine provides powerful support and significant avenues for the Healthy China initiative, aiming to promote health, prevent and treat diseases through the deep integration of sports science and medicine. Exercise preconditioning (EP) exhibits myocardial protective effects, including reducing the size of myocardial infarction, alleviating exercise-induced myocardial ischemia/hypoxia injury, improving cardiac function, and decreasing the incidence of malignant arrhythmias caused by exhaustive exercise. EP acts as a bridge between sports science and medicine, representing a novel pathway for the integration of sports and medicine in the context of building a healthy and sports-strong nation. This article provides a comprehensive review of the origins and current status of EP, its relationship with cardiac rehabilitation, ischemic heart disease, as well as the prospects of EP for public fitness programmes. This article aims to provide updated insights that advance the integration of sports and medicine and support national strategies for building China into a strong sports nation.

Objective: To prepare acute hippocampal brain slices and investigate the non-genomic effects of testosterone (T), dihydrotestosterone (DHT) and testosterone BSA (T-BSA) on dendritic spine density and synaptic proteins [synaptophysin (SYN) and postsynaptic density protein 95 (PSD95)] in hippocampal brain slices. Methods: The brains of 3-month-old SD male rats were extracted after anesthesia, and the hippocampal tissue was dissected in artificial cerebrospinal fluid to prepare 300 μm coronal slices. DAPI and PI staining were applied at 0, 15, 30, 60 min and 120 min to evaluate neuronal viability. Acute hippocampal brain slices were randomly divided into control (CON), T (10 nmol/L), DHT (10 nmol/L) and T-BSA (0.36 nmol/L) groups. The density of dendritic spines was observed by Golgi-Cox staining, and the synaptic proteins SYN and PSD95 were examined through immunofluorescence histochemical staining and Western blotting after 1 h administration. Results: DAPI and PI staining showed that there was no significant difference in the percentage of active cells at all 5 time points. Golgi-Cox staining showed that the density of dendritic spines in T group, DHT group and T-BSA group was significantly increased compared with CON group. There was no significant difference in dendrite spine density among T group, DHT group and T-BSA group. Immunofluorescence histochemical staining and Western blotting assay revealed that compared with CON group, the expression of SYN and PSD95 protein in T group, DHT group and T-BSA group were significantly increased. There were no significant differences in the expression of SYN and PSD95 protein among T group, DHT group and T-BSA group. Conclusion: Acute hippocampal slices maintain excellent and stable neuronal viability within 2 h. Androgens increase the density of dendritic spines and the expression of synaptic proteins SYN and PSD95 inacute hippocampal brain slices through non-genomic effects.

人工智能（AI）技术的革新为医学教育注入新动能。笔者聚焦高职医卫类专业人体解剖学教学痛点，探索 AI 在三维建模、虚拟实验、个性化学习中的具体应用：①基于人体解剖学章节细化的AI 方案，提升学生的结构 辨识能力；②轻量化VR/AR工具降低资源依赖，提升校际共享率；③ AI 构建的“结构- 功能- 临床”知识网络提 高学生临床决策能力。同时针对数据安全、技术普及性问题提出分级应用策略，为AI 赋能医学教育提供实证参考。

作为解剖学教师，深知融合思想政治教育和品德教育于局部解剖学教学的重要性。分享一些关于如何在局 部解剖学教育中融入学科前辈精神，实践思政与德育的体会和做法，并进一步深入探讨每个要点。解剖学领域的 优秀前辈是学生的标杆和领路人，他们的成就和精神是宝贵的思政教育资源。在临床解剖学教学中，管道铸型、 皮瓣及显微外科、数字医学和生物力学等领域不仅提供了宝贵的知识，还蕴含了丰富的思政元素。通过学习前辈 的探索精神和创新精神，培养学生科学精神和伦理观念。因此，将思政与德育融入局部解剖学教育是一项重要任 务，可以培养出既具备专业知识又具备道德素养和社会责任感的医学专业人才。

Objective: To investigate the effect of artesunate (ART) on pain response in lumbar intervertebral disc degeneration (IVDD) rats by regulating the Janus kinase 2 (JAK2)/signal transducer and activator of transcription 3 (STAT3) signaling pathway. Methods: SD rats were used to establish a lumbar IVDD model by acupuncture of the annulus fibrosus, and then random ly divided into model group, low-dose ART group, high-dose ART group, and hi ghdose ART + DUSP19 (JAK2/STAT3 activator) group. Another healthy SD rats were taken as the sham surgery group. After intervention with ART and DUSP19, lumbar spine sagittal T2-weighted MRI scans were performed, and the degree of intervertebral disc degeneration was assessed by using the Pfirrmann grading system. The Von Frey pain threshold test and the tail suspension test were applied to detect pain symptoms in rats. The open field test was used to test the motor ability of rats. H-E staining was applied to detect the morphological changes of lumbar intervertebral disc tissue of rats in each group. ELISA was applied to measure the levels of inflammatory factors such as granulocyte macrophage colony-stimulating factor (GM-CSF) and interleukin (IL)-1β in the serum and lumbar disc tissue of rats in each group. Western blotting was applied to detect the expression and phosphorylation levels of JAK2 and STAT3 in the lumbar disc tissue of rats in each group. Results: Compared with the sham surgery group, the Pfirmmann score, tail suspension test bending time, lumbar disc tissue score, GM-CSF and IL-1β levels, p-JAK2/ JAK2 and p-STAT3/STAT3 levels of rats in the modelgroup were greatly increased, while the mechanical pain threshold, tail suspension test struggling time, total distance traveled, average speed, and standing/resting time in the open field test were greatly reduced. Compared with the model group, the Pfirmmann scores, tail suspension test bending time, lumbar disc tissue scores, GM-CSF and IL-1β levels, p-JAK2/JAK2 and p-STAT3/STAT3 levels of rats in the low- and high-dose ART groups were all reduced, while the mechanical pain threshold, tail suspension test struggling time, total distance traveled, average speed, and standing/resting time in the open field test were all increased, and high-dose ART had a stronger effect. Compared with the high-dose ART group, the Pfirmmann score, tail suspension test bending time, lumbar disc tissue score, GM-CSF and IL-1β levels, p-JAK2/JAK2 and p-STAT3/STAT3 of rats in the high-dose ART + DUSP19 group were increased, while the mechanical pain threshold, tail suspension test struggling time, total distance traveled, average speed, and standing/resting time in the open field test were decreased. Conclusion: ART can inhibit the inflammatory response of lumbar IVDD rats by blocking the activation of the JAK2/STAT3 signaling pathway, thereby reducing

Objective: To investigate the effect and mechanism of safflower injection in alleviating oxidative stressinduced testicular damage in diabetic male rats. Methods: Male SD rats were randomly divided into three groups: a normal group, a model group, and a treatment group. The general condition and testicular mass of the rats were compared bamong the groups, plus the levels of superoxide dismutase (SOD) and malondialdehyde (MDA) in testicular tissue. Histological structure, cell morphology, and the rate of proliferating cell nuclear antigen (PCNA)- positive cells in testicular tissue were also evaluated. Results: Compared with the normal group, the model group exhibited poorer mental state, dull and yellowish fur, increased food and water intake, more urination and defecation, significantly reduced testicular mass, and markedly decreased SOD levels and increased MDA levels in the testicular tissue. Through the observation under a light microscope, there was decreased and disordered arrangement of spermatogenic cells in the testes along with a lower rate of PCNA-positive cells. Compared with the model group, the treatment group showed improved responsiveness, less pronounced dull and yellowish fur, reduced food and water intake, and less urination, significantly increased testicular mass, elevated SOD levels, and significantly decreased MDA levels in testicular tissue. Morphological lesions in testicular tissue were alleviated, and the rate of PCNApositive cells was increased. Conclusion: Safflower injection can improve the testicular damage in male diabetic rats, and its mechanism may be related to the regulation of MDA and SOD in the oxidative stress system.

探索组织学与胚胎学课程教学创新方案，解决学生知识迷航、学习低效、读图识图能力不强、系统思维建 构困难和知识迁移运用能力不足等教学问题，以提高学生学习成效。建构以谱为系，以图为骥，以案为基“四链 融合”的课程教学新形态，打通课程链、资源链、方法链和评价链，重组课程结构、重构教学内容、重塑教学形 态、重建教学评价，知识- 能力- 素质一贯、课前- 课中- 课后一脉，帮助学生养成良好自主学习，提高深度学习 能力，建构系统思维，提升解决实际问题的综合能力。“ 四链融合”的课程教学创新，通过知识图谱化、资源集 成化、课堂创新化、评价多元化，能使学生知识更加扎实，思维更加高阶，能力明显提升。该创新教学，能有效 促进学生提高学习成效，有效推动教师提升教学能力，有效推进课程建设的内涵发展。