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  • Chinese Journal of Anatomy. 2024, 47(3): 191-194. https://doi.org/10.3969/j.issn.1001-1633.2024.03.001
    The communication between neurons and glial cells is the basis for maintaining the normal physiological function of the whole nervous system. Intercellular communication in the nervous system can be achieved through several mechanisms such as neurotransmitters, synapses, paracrine signals, extracellular vesicles, and ion channels. In recent years, new techniques promoted the discovery of new patterns of communication between neurons and glial cells. The discovery of tunneling nanotubes( TNTs), a dynamic cell-cell contact, has led to the recognition of new communication patterns such as protein transfer, ion transport, organelle transport, and signal transduction between cells in the nervous system. Stimulating glial cells using optogenetic techniques can not only modulate information processing in the central nervous system( CNS), but also provide structural support for nerve fibers in the peripheral nervous system( PNS). Recently, the use of single-cell RNA sequencing technology has expanded and deepened the research on communication between neurons and glial cells. It is possible to construct the landscape of intercellular communication network of the whole nervous system in the single-cell level in the future. Based on the above research backgrounds, the authors review the latest research progress on communication between neurons and different kinds of glial cells in CNS and PNS, which has significance for understanding the complex functions of the nervous system.
  • Chinese Journal of Anatomy. 2024, 47(2): 95-100. https://doi.org/10.3969/j.issn.1001-1633.2024.02.001
    With economic development, diabetes has become one of the most common chronic diseases globally,and liver insulin resistance is one of the key factors for the occurrence and development of type 2 diabetes mellitus.This paper reviews the studies on the direct effects of fructose on insulin pathway and the indirect blocking of insulinpathway through increasing de novo synthesis of liver lipids, weakening fatty acid oxidation in hepatocytes, activating oxidative stress in hepatocytes, and enhancing hepatic inflammatory responses. It provides a new perspective for thediagnosis and treatment of obesity , type 2 diabetes and other diseases closely related to hepatic insulin resistance.
  • Chinese Journal of Anatomy. 2024, 47(3): 274-276. https://doi.org/10.3969/j.issn.1001-1633.2024.03.021
  • Chinese Journal of Anatomy. 2024, 47(4): 283-288. https://doi.org/10.3969/j.issn.1001-1633.2024.04.001
    Pain is a complex physiological and pathological phenomenon, governed by numerous biological processes and signaling pathways. Recent research identified lipid metabolism abnormalities and inflammatory responses as crucial roles in the occurrence and development of pain. The regulation of inflammatory response by lipid metabolism exerts a profound influence on pain management. This review delves into the dynamics between lipid metabolism and inflammation in pain, examining their effects on its development and resolution, including the nociceptive sensitization and the involvement of microglial cells in these processes.
  • Chinese Journal of Anatomy. 2024, 47(3): 200-204. https://doi.org/10.3969/j.issn.1001-1633.2024.03.003
    Objective : To investigate the visualization of the anatomical structures in the snuffbox region using gross anatomy dissection, CT angiography( CTA) and color Doppler ultrasound based on the background of the distal radial artery access. Methods : Adult cadaver specimens for anatomical teaching were selected to dissect the anatomical structures of the snuffbox region and observe the corresponding gross anatomical structures through transradial intervention. Then, adult upper limb CTA images and adult snuffbox region ultrasound images were taken to reproduce the gross anatomical observations on CTA and ultrasound. The differences in the radial artery of the snuffbox region using these three different methods were compared and the diameter of the radial artery in the snuffbox region was measured. Results : Gross anatomy provided a clear view of the structures of each part, but it was difficult to express the relations between the bones and superficial structures. Upper limb CTA provided a good visualization of the bones, radial artery and some veins, but the muscles and tendons were barely recognizable, and the radial nerve cannot be reproduced. Color Doppler ultrasound of the snuffbox region provided a good visualization of the diameter of arterial and venous vessels, and the radial nerve could be recognized with difficulty. The diameter of the distal radial artery was measured by the three methods and the average result was( 2.45±0.56) mm, while the diameter was(2.62±0.55 )mm using gross observation,(2.48±0.62) mm using CTA, and( 2.36±0.20) mm using color Doppler ultrasound.There was no statistical difference among the pairwise comparisons. Conclusions : Combining upper limb CTA with color Doppler ultrasound can generally reproduce the anatomical structures in the snuffbox region, but the visualization of some structures is poor , such as the radial nerve and adipose tissue within the superfi cial fascia.
  • Chinese Journal of Anatomy. 2024, 47(3): 272-274. https://doi.org/10.3969/j.issn.1001-1633.2024.03.020
  • Chinese Journal of Anatomy. 2024, 47(3): 249-252. https://doi.org/10.3969/j.issn.1001-1633.2024.03.012
    Due to the lack of regeneration ability of mature cardiomyocytes, the key points for myocardial infarction therapy is to reduce cardiomyocyte death after myocardial ischemia and promote myocardial regeneration. An increasing number of studies suggest that lymphatic drainage plays a crucial role in the process of myocardial regeneration. After myocardial infarction, promoting the generation of lymphatic vessels can control and reduce the inflammatory reaction in time, which is conducive to the repair and regeneration of the heart. On the contrary, if the lymphatic vessel function is defective, the myocardial edema and fibrosis will be aggravated. Therefore, it is very important to understand the process and mechanism of cardiac lymphangiogenesis. This article reviews the basic structure, origin, and function of cardiac lymphatic vessels, the role of lymphatic drainage after myocardial injury, and summarizes several molecular mechanisms related to lymphangiogenesis, hoping to provide potential way to promote myocardial regeneration from the perspective of the lym phatic system.
  • Chinese Journal of Anatomy. 2024, 47(5): 445-447. https://doi.org/10.3969/j.issn.1001-1633.2024.05.015
    The application and development of minimally invasive technologies such as laparoscopy have increasingly brought the anatomy of the inguinal region's fascia and spaces into clinical focus. However, current knowledge of the structures and layers in this region, as well as their connections with the anterior and posterior abdominal walls and pelvic walls, is still somewhat vague and controversial. From the perspectives of anatomy, embryonic development, and clinical application, this article attempts to explore the structures of the inguinal region's fascia and spaces, such as the transversalis fascia, preperitoneal fascia, Bogros space, and Retzius space. This exploration helps to clarify their existence and embryonic origins in the abdominal wall, and to specify their regional characteristics as local representations of the entire abdominal( pelvic) wall, providing valuable insights for clinical practice.
  • Chinese Journal of Anatomy. 2024, 47(3): 282-282. https://doi.org/10.3969/j.issn.1001-1633.2024.03.025
  • Chinese Journal of Anatomy. 2024, 47(2): 101-106. https://doi.org/10.3969/j.issn.1001-1633.2024.02.002
    Objective : To explore the susceptibility of amacrine cell( AC) types to N-methyl-D-aspartate( NMDA)excitotoxicity in the rat retina. Methods : H-E staining was used to observe the pathological changes in retinal tissueafter NMDA injury, while immunofluorescence staining was used to observe the changes in the quantity of Brn3a(the marker of retinal ganglion cell) and syntaxin( the marker of AC). In the study of the dose-effect relationshipand time-effect relationship of NMDA-induced AC injury, immunofluorescence staining was used to detect themorphological and numerical changes of GAD65/67+ (the marker of GABAergic AC), GlyT1+(the marker ofglycinergic AC), ChAT+(the marker of cholinergic AC), TH+( the marker of dopaminergic AC), and PV+ cells(the marker of AⅡ AC) in the rat retina. Propidium iodide (PI) and cleaved caspase-3 staining were employed to determine the subtypes of dead AC. Results : NMDA can damage both retinal ganglion cells and displaced ACs in the retinal ganglion cell layer( GCL), as well as ACs in the inner nuclear layer( INL). In the dose-effectrelationship of AC damage induced by NMDA, all ACs significantly decreased with the increase of NMDA dose,and the cholinergic ACs in the INL and dopaminergic ACs (DAC) did not show their cell somas in 100 nmol NMDA.In the time-effect relationship of AC damage induced by NMDA, the number of GAD65/67+ in INL, GlyT1+, ChAT+ and TH+ cells began to decrease at 6 h after injury, while the number of GAD65/67+ cells in GCL, the total numberof GAD65/67+ cells in the retina, and PV+ cells all began to decrease at 12 h after injury and continued to decreasewith the progression of NMDA-induced damage.Conclusion : The GABAergic ACs and glycinergicACs in the retina both show damage under the influenceof NMDA, with cholinergic ACs in the INL and DACsbeing particularly sensitive to NMDA-induced damage.
  • Chinese Journal of Anatomy. 2024, 47(5): 375-379. https://doi.org/10.3969/j.issn.1001-1633.2024.05.001
    Depression is a mental illness primarily characterized by persistent emotional lowness, which can escalate to suicidal behaviors in severe cases. The underlying mechanisms of depression are intricate and multifaceted. Recent research has solidified the role of oligodendroglia in the pathogenesis of depression, influenced by both genetic and environmental factors. Drawing upon clinical data and the established link between oligodendrocyte abnormalities and depression, this article briefly summarizes the progress made in experimental studies regarding the role of oligodendroglial cells and myelin sheath abnormalities in the pathological mechanisms of depression, with the goal of offering fresh perspectives for the treatment of patients with de pression.
  • Chinese Journal of Anatomy. 2024, 47(2): 146-149. https://doi.org/10.3969/j.issn.1001-1633.2024.02.010
    Objective : To observe and measure normal stabilized ligaments around the an kle joint in male and female specimens including anterior talofibular ligament (ATFL), calcaneofibular ligaments (CFL), and posterior talofibular ligaments (PTFL), so as to find out the data differences between males and females, and provide an anatomic foundation for the precaution, diagnosis, and rehabilitation of the ankle injury. Methods : Anatomical observation was carried on male and female ligaments. Precision measure and statistics were done on the length of anterior and posterior borders, the ligament’s origin and insertion points, the widest distance, and the thickness. MRI scanning were performed to examine the lateral ligaments. Results : The morphological data differences of ankle ligaments between males and females were statistically significant. In males, CFL and PTFL were longer than in females, while there was no difference in ATFL length. In females, ATFL and CFL were wider than in males, whereas PTFL was the opposite. However, there was no difference in thickness. Conclusions : The morphology of ankle stabilizing ligaments differs between females and males, emphasizing the need for greater attention to ankle ligament protection and exercises in females. Gender differences should be considered in the diagnosis, treatment, and rehabilitation of ankle joint disorders.
  • Chinese Journal of Anatomy. 2024, 47(4): 353-355. https://doi.org/10.3969/j.issn.1001-1633.2024.04.015
  • Chinese Journal of Anatomy. 2024, 47(4): 289-294. https://doi.org/10.3969/j.issn.1001-1633.2024.04.002
    Objective : To explore the effect and molecular mechanism of microglial repopulation on mood and cognitive impairment in adult mice following traumatic brain injury( TBI) during adolescence. Methods : The TBI mouse model was established using controlled cortical impact( CCI). Forty-eight 5-week-old C57BL/6J mice were randomly allocated into sham, CCI model, CCI+microglial repopulation, and CCI+microglial depletion groups, and tested in adolescence [4 days post injury (dpi)] and adulthood (21 dpi). Immunofluorescence staining was used to detect the effects of PLX5622 feeding on the microglia in the dentate gyrus region of hippocampus in the model group. Behavioral tests( modified neurological severity scores, open field test, elevated O maze test, Y maze spatial recognition test) were used to assess the involvement of microglial repopulation in mood and cognitive impairment in the model group. RT-qPCR was used to measure levels of inflammatory factors and chemokines in the hippocampus of TBI mice with microglial repopulation. Result : After two weeks of PLX5622 feeding , the clearance rate of microglia in the brain of adolescent mice reached 99%, and microglia in hippocampal dentate gyrus region of the repopulation group showed increased branching and elongation compared with that of the model control group both in adolescence and adulthood. Microglial repopulation could reverse TBI-induced impaired neural function, spatial working memory and arepopulation could reduce the expression levels of chemokines( CXCL1, CXCL2) and inflammatory factors( IL-6, IL-1β, TNF-α) in the hippocampus of adolescent and adult mice after TBI. Conclusion : Microglial repopulation can alleviate the neuroinflammation in hippocampal dentate gyrus region by improving the overactivation of microglia after TBI, and then improve the neuro-function impairment, anxiety-like behavior and spatial working memory impairment induced by TBI in adolescent and adult mice.
  • Chinese Journal of Anatomy. 2024, 47(4): 343-347. https://doi.org/10.3969/j.issn.1001-1633.2024.04.012
    Ischemic stroke is characterized by high mortality and disability rates, and conventional treatment approaches have limited effectiveness in improving outcomes. However, using stem cells has emerged as a promising therapeutic option for ischemic stroke as they can promote angiogenesis, regulate immune responses, inhibit cell apoptosis, reduce oxidative stress, replace damaged cells, and secrete neurotrophic factors. As a result, stem cell therapy has become a research hotspot in the field of ischemic stroke treatment. This article provides an overview of the neuroprotective effects of stem cells in treating ischemic stroke, highlights related research advancements, and aims to support further clinical research and application of st em cell therapy for ischemic stroke.
  • Chinese Journal of Anatomy. 2024, 47(2): 166-168. https://doi.org/10.3969/j.issn.1001-1633.2024.02.015
  • Chinese Journal of Anatomy. 2024, 47(2): 154-160. https://doi.org/10.3969/j.issn.1001-1633.2024.02.012
    Over the past decade, new technologies such as novel acetabular plates, modified surgical approaches, and 3D printing have enriched the options for treating acetabular fractures. However, challenges persist, including difficulties in fracture exposure and fixation, large surgical incisions, increased intraoperative bleeding, and substantial surgical trauma. As acetabulum is surrounded by a network of blood vessels, nerves and lymph vessels, pelvic organs, and abundant muscles and ligaments, iatrogenic injury can easily occur to the surroundings, even with the use of orthopedic surgical robots in acetabular fracture operation. This article reviews the surgical approach for acetabular fractures, taking into account the adjacent anatomical structures, and aims to explore a safe, fast and precise surgical targeted approach by aligning with the anatomical and physiologica l spaces within the human body.
  • Chinese Journal of Anatomy. 2024, 47(3): 263-265. https://doi.org/10.3969/j.issn.1001-1633.2024.03.016
  • Chinese Journal of Anatomy. 2024, 47(5): 385-388. https://doi.org/10.3969/j.issn.1001-1633.2024.05.003
    Objective : To explore a rapid isolation and culture method for rat pulmonary fibroblasts(PFs), providing more scientific and convenient technical support for in vitro studies of pulmonary fibrosis. Methods : Lung tissues from newborn SD rats were dissected. Type Ⅱ collagenase/pancreatin mixed enzyme digestion method was used. Microscopic observation and analysis were conducted on the cell suspension and precipitate after each tissue digestion. The cell suspension was selectively collected, and the differential adhesion time of cells was gradient grouped to optimize the best cell adhesion time point. Coomassie brilliant blue staining was used to observe the uniformity of cell morphology. Vimentin labeling was used to identify the purity of PFs, and α-SMA labeling was used to identify the differentiation ability of cells. Cell growth curve was plotted to detect cell growth activity. Results : After the first two 8-minute digestions, the cell suspension mainly contained blood cell components, and the precipitate consisted mostly of blood clots and substantial tissue components. After the 3rd–6th digestion, the cell suspension mainly contained nucleated cell components, and the digestion solution precipitate consisted mostly of collagen, adhesive proteins, and other matrix clumps. The cell suspension from the 3rd–6th digest ion was selected for differential adhesion separation of cells. Comprehensive analysis of cell quantity and purity indicated that a 35-minute differential adhesion time was optimal, resulting in high cell viability. Cells reached logarithmic growth phase within 24 hours across the first to fourth generations. Conclusion : Sequential enzyme digestion, selective collection of cell suspensions, and a 35-minute differential adhesion separation significantly improve the isolation of PFs.
  • Chinese Journal of Anatomy. 2024, 47(3): 253-257. https://doi.org/10.3969/j.issn.1001-1633.2024.03.013
    Spontaneous miscarriage is characterized by a highly intricate pathogenesis. An increasing body of research suggests an association between unexplained spontaneous miscarriage and the immune microenvironment at the maternal-fetal interface. Among immune cells, decidua macrophages(DM), originating from the mother , rank as the second most abundant. These macrophages play a crucial role in reshaping spiral arteries, sustaining maternal-fetal immune tolerance, and modulating the biological behavior of trophoblasts. Trophoblasts, being the only embryonic cells in direct contact with maternal decidua, contribute significantly to maternal-fetal immune tolerance, exhibiting behaviors akin to the migration and invasion observed in tumor cells. Studies indicate an intricate intercellular crosstalk between DM and trophoblasts. DM influence the migration and invasion capabilities of trophoblasts, while trophoblasts, in turn, regulate the polarization of DM. Notably, abnormal crosstalk between these entities at the maternal-fetal interface is observed in individuals experiencing spontaneous miscarriage. This article systematically expounds on the functions of DM and trophoblasts, emphasizing the impact of irregular crosstalk between the two on natural miscarriage. By delving into the intricacies of the maternal-fetal interface, the aim is to establish a theoretical foundation for comprehending the pathogenesis of natural miscar riage and identifying novel therapeutic tar gets.
  • Chinese Journal of Anatomy. 2024, 47(3): 278-281. https://doi.org/10.3969/j.issn.1001-1633.2024.03.023
  • Chinese Journal of Anatomy. 2024, 47(3): 210-216. https://doi.org/10.3969/j.issn.1001-1633.2024.03.005
    Objective : To explore the expression of lncRNA RP11-386G11.10 in triple-negative breast cancer tissue and its effect on the proliferation and migration of triple-negative breast cancer cells through regulating the miR- 1299-3p/GLUT-1 molecular axis. Methods : A total of 46 cases of triple-negative breast cancer tissue and adjacent tissue were collected, and RT-qPCR was used to detect the presence of RP11-386G11.10 in triple-negative breast cancer tissue, the expression of RP11-386G11.10 in normal breast epithelial MCF-10A cells and that in triplenegative breast cancer cell lines (MDA-MB-435, CAL-51, BT-549, MDA-MB-231). BT-549 cells were infected w i t h s i - N C l e n t i v i r u s a n d s i - R P 11 - 3 8 6 G 11 . 1 0 lentivirus, and they were named si-NC group and si- RP11-386G11.10 group respectively. The proliferation and migration abilities of BT-549 cells were detected through colony formation assay and cell scratch assay,respectively. RT-qPCR was used to detect the expression of miR-1299-3p and GLUT-1 mRNA in BT-549 cells after infection. A dual-luciferase reporter gene experiment was used to verify the targeting relationship between RP11- 386G11.10 and miR-1299-3p. RT-qPCR was used to detect the expression of GLUT-1 mRNA in triple-negative breast cancer tissues. The Pearson method was used to detect the relationship between the expression of RP11- 386G11.10 and GLUT-1 mRNA in triple-negative breast cancer tissues. Western blotting was used to detect the effect of silencing RP11-386G11.10 on the expression of GLUT-1 protein and JAK2/STAT3 pathway proteins in BT-549 cells. Results : Compared with adjacent tissues, the expression of RP11-386G11.10 in triple-negative breast cancer tissues was significantly increased. Compared with MCF-10A cells, the expression levels of RP11-386G11.10 in triple-negative breast cancer cell lines( MDA-MB-435, CAL-51, BT-549, MDA-MB-231) were all significantly increased. Compared with BT-549 cells in the si-NC group, the proliferation and migration abilities of cells in si- RP11-386G11.10 group were significantly reduced. Compared with si-NC group, miR-1299-3p expression was significantly increased and GLUT-1 mRNA expression was significantly decreased in si-RP11-386G11.10 group. RP11-386G11.10 could target and complementally bind to miR-1299-3p. Compared with adjacent tissues, GLUT- 1 mRNA expression was significantly increased in triple-negative breast cancer tissues. Pearson analysis showed that the expression levels of RP11-386G11.10 and GLUT-1 mRNA in triple-negative breast cancer tissues were positively correlated. Compared with BT-549 cells in the si-NC group, GLUT-1 protein expression in BT-549 cells in the si- RP11-386G11.10 group was significantly reduced, and the JAK2/STAT3 molecular pathway transduction was inhibited. Conclusion : The expression of RP11-386G11.10 is significantly up-regulated in triple-negative breast can cer. Silencing RP11-386G11.10 can inhibit the proliferation and migration abilities of triple-negative breast cancer BT-549 cells. Its mechanism of action may be related to the tar geted regulation of miR-1299-3p/GLUT-1 molecular axis.
  • Chinese Journal of Anatomy. 2024, 47(3): 231-234. https://doi.org/10.3969/j.issn.1001-1633.2024.03.008
    Objective : To investigate the impact of hypoxia on the morphology, phenotype, and protein expression of extracellular vesicles( EVs) secreted by A549 lung cancer cells. Methods : After culturing A549 cells under both hypoxic(experimental group) and normoxic( control group)conditions, extracellular vesicles were isolated using an exosome extraction kit. The structural morphological changes were observed via transmission electron microscopy, while alterations in marker protein expressions were detected through immunoblotting. The protein content of the extracellular vesicles was quantified using the bicinchoninic acid( BCA) assay. Results : EVs isolated from both experimental and control groups demonstrated diameters within the range of 30-120 nm, exhibiting rounded or elliptical shapes with intact membrane structures, consistent morphology, low-density interiors, and distinct boundaries. No significant change was observed in the expression of the CD9 protein between the hypoxic and normoxic groups. However, a marked increase in CD81 protein expression was noted in the hypoxic group compared with the control groups. The BCA assay revealed that there was a linear correlation with cell seeding density, and the protein level of exosomes secreted by A549 cells was significantly higher than that of the control group under hypoxic conditions. Conclusion : Hypoxia increases the expression of CD81 in exosomes from A549 lung cancer cells, and the amount of exosomal protein secretion increases, suggesting that A549 cells under hypoxic conditions have a stronger ability for distant metastasis.
  • Chinese Journal of Anatomy. 2024, 47(4): 356-357. https://doi.org/10.3969/j.issn.1001-1633.2024.04.016
  • Chinese Journal of Anatomy. 2024, 47(3): 205-209. https://doi.org/10.3969/j.issn.1001-1633.2024.03.004
    Objective : To investigate the association of the digit ratio (2D︰4D) with ten single nucleotide polymorphism sites (rs3809346, rs3825490, rs7984100, rs1134170, rs3128575, rs1042917, rs2839110, rs3812111, rs1064583, rs2228547) in four genes( COL4A2, COL5A1, COL6A2, COL10A1) of collagen gene family. Methods : The distribution characteristics of 2D︰4D and COL4A2, COL5A1, COL6A2, and COL10A1 genes polymorphisms among college students in Ningxia Hui Autonomous Region were compared by using physical measurement and multiplex PCR, respectively, and the association between them was analyzed. Results : The mean 2D︰4D of both hands were significantly higher in Ningxia female college students than that in males. There were no significant sex differences in the genotype and allele distribution frequencies of the ten loci. The COL4A2 rs3825490 and rs3809346 loci genotypes were significantly associated with 2D︰4D of both hands in males and females, respectively, and the genotypes of COL5A1 rs1134170 and COL6A2 rs1042917 loci were significantly associated with 2D︰4D in left hand of females and 2D︰4D in right hand of males, respectively. Conclusion : The formation of 2D︰4D in Ningxia population may be related to the polymorphisms of COL4A2( rs3809346, rs3825490), COL5A1 (rs1134170), and COL6A2( rs1042917) genes.
  • Chinese Journal of Anatomy. 2024, 47(5): 380-384. https://doi.org/10.3969/j.issn.1001-1633.2024.05.002
    Objective: To explore the exposed range and operable space of the third ventricle using the neuroendoscopic frontal lobe(F)-interverulare(I)-choroid fissure(C) approach (F-I-C approach), and to conduct a quantitative anatomical analysis. Methods: Six adult cadaveric heads fixed with 10% formaldehyde and infused with colored latex were included as surgical simulation specimens. For each specimen, a simulated operation was performed to expose the third ventricle via the F-I-C operative approach under bilateral 0° and 30° neuroendoscopy. The exposure angles and anatomic measurements of relevant important structures in the approach were observed. In addition, Photoshop CS6 scale was used to measure the distance between the medial walls of the two thalami as the inner and outer diameters of the surgical approach, the aqueduct-mamillary body spacing and the infundibular recess-papillary spacing as the anterior and posterior diameters, and the superior pineal recessaqueduct spacing as the upper and lower diameters. The maximum visible area of the third ventricle was calculated and the operable angles from sagittal, coronal and longitudinal positions of the surgical approach were measured. The exposure and operability of the third ventricle via this approach were evaluated by using the classic third ventricle exposure and operability scale. Results: The inner and outer diameters of the F-I-C approach were 3.4–4.6( 4.2±0.4) mm. The anteroposterior diameter was divided into two parts : aqueduct cerebri to mamillary body 16.8–18.5 (17.6±0.5) mm, andinfundibular recess to mamillary body 7.2–8.8( 7.8±0.5) mm. The superior-inferior diameter was 7.0–9.0( 7.8±0.8) mm. The exposure score of funnel recess was three. The sagittal area of the third ventricle exposed by F-I-C approach under 0° or 30° neuroendoscopy was( 216±49) mm2, and the longitudinal operable angle was( 16±3)°. The coronal area was( 245±53) mm2 and the longitudinal operating angle was( 19±3)°. Conclusion: The F-I-C approach under neuroendoscopy has good feasibility and operability for the exposure range of the anterior, middle and posterior parts of the third ventricle.
  • Chinese Journal of Anatomy. 2024, 47(5): 398-403. https://doi.org/10.3969/j.issn.1001-1633.2024.05.006
    Objective : To explore the effect of tumor-associated macrophage tyrosine phosphatase SHP2 on PDL1 expression in gastric cancer and preliminarily elucidate its mechanism. Methods : After human monocyte/ macrophage THP-1 cells and human gastric cancer cell line SGC-7901 cells were cultured, THP-1 cells were induced to differentiate into macrophages, and THP-1 cells with stable knockdown and overexpression of SHP2 gene were constructed by lentivirus infection. The infected THP-1 cells were co-cultured with SGC-7901 cells in a non-contact mode, and they were divided into the NC group and SHP2-shRNA group, NC group and SHP2-mimic group, and Stattic(STAT3 inhibitor)+NC group and Stattic+SHP2-shRNA group. Supernatant exosomes of THP-1 cells were extracted by ultracentrifugation, and the expressions of STAT3-TGFβ pathwayrelated proteins, exosomes CD9, and TGFβ proteins in THP-1 cells were detected by Western blotting. Western blotting was also used to detect the expression of STAT3-TGFβ pathway-related proteins and PD-L1, PTEN, and p-PI3K proteins in SGC-7901 cells. CCK-8 assay was used to detect the proliferation activity of SGC-7901 cells. Transwell assay was used to detect the migration and invasion abilities of SGC-7901 cells. Results : The expression level of SHP2 protein in the THP-1 cells of the SHP2-shRNA group was significantly lowerthan that in the NC group, and the expression levels of p-STAT3, IL-10, TGFβ, as well as CD9 and TGFβ proteins in exosomes in the SHP2-shRNA group were significantly higher than those in the NC group. The expression level of SHP2 protein in the SHP2-mimic group was significantly higher than that in the NC group, and the expression levels of p-STAT3, IL-10, TGFβ, as well as CD9 and TGFβ proteins in exosomes were significantly lower than those in the NC group. In SGC-7901 cells during co-culture, the protein expression levels of SHP2 and PTEN in the SHP2- shRNA group were significantly lower than those in the NC group, while the protein expression levels of p-STAT3, TGFβ, PD-L1, and p-PI3K, as well as the cell proliferation activity, migration and invasion abilities were significantly higher in the SHP2-shRNA group than those in the NC group. After Stattic intervention, SHP2 protein expression level remained unaffected, PTEN protein expression level was increased, p-STAT3, TGFβ, PD-L1, and p-PI3K protein expression levels and cell proliferation activity, migration and invasion abilities were decreased. There was no significant difference between the SHP2-shRNA group and Stattic+SHP2-shRNA group. Conclusion : Tumor-associated macrophage SHP2 inhibits the expression of PD-L1 and p-PI3K by suppressing the activity of the STAT3-TGFβ pathway in gastric cancer cells, thereby inhibiting the proliferation, migration, and invasion of gastric cancer cells, which in turn delays the progression of gastric c ancer.
  • Chinese Journal of Anatomy. 2024, 47(5): 448-449. https://doi.org/10.3969/j.issn.1001-1633.2024.05.016
  • Chinese Journal of Anatomy. 2024, 47(5): 465-465. https://doi.org/10.3969/j.issn.1001-1633.2024.05.023
  • Chinese Journal of Anatomy. 2024, 47(3): 195-199. https://doi.org/10.3969/j.issn.1001-1633.2024.03.002
    Objective : To investigate whether there are differences in placental function between the fetal side and maternal side, as well as the correlation between the functional changes in these two parts and the gestational weeks. Methods : The intravoxel incoherent motion imaging( IVIM) was employed to collect data on placental perfusion fraction( f), diffusion coefficient( D), and pseudo-diffusion coefficient( D*) from the maternal side and the fetal side of 75 placentas at gestational weeks 23–40, respectively. Differences between the maternal and fetal sides of the placenta were compared by the Wilcoxon matched-pairs signed rank test, and regression methods for curve estimation and curve fitting analysis were employed to explore the correlation between the fetal and maternal side data and gestational weeks. Results : There were statistically significant differences in f and D between the maternal and fetal sides of the placenta. Maternal lateral perfusion fraction( y) was correlated with gestational week (x), showing a quadratic correlation. The goodness of fit for the curve R2 was 0.121, with the equation y=0.635- 0.0155x+0.0001x2. The difference value between the fetal-side perfusion fraction minus maternal-side perfusion fraction, fin-fout( y), was correlated with x, showing a quadratic correlation, and the goodness of fit for the curve R2 was 0.295, with the equation y=-1.318+0.080x-0.001x2. Conclusion : There are significant differences between the function of the fetal and maternal sides of the placenta, and the perfusion fraction of the maternal side of the placenta correlates with gestational week.
  • Chinese Journal of Anatomy. 2024, 47(4): 295-298. https://doi.org/10.3969/j.issn.1001-1633.2024.04.003
    Objective : To provide a reference for studies related to rat peripheral blood mononuclear cells (PBMNCs), we investigated the composition and age-related changes in PBMNCs isolated from SD rats. Methods : PBMNCs were isolated from male SD rats aged 3, 6, and 12 months using lymphocyte separation medium and discontinuous density gradient centrifugation. The types and numbers of cells in PBMNCs, as well as the agerelated changes in lymphocyte and monocyte content, were analyzed. Flow cytometry and immunofluorescence were utilized to quantify the number and assess the age-related trends of stem/progenitor cells within PBMNCs. Results : The different cellular components of PBMNCs were clearly separated, and red blood cells and granulocytes were effectively removed. The number of lymphocytes and monocytes in PBMNCs decreased significantly with age. In SD rat PBMNCs, four stemness-related markers (Nanog, OCT4, SOX2, and SSEA4) were expressed. Among them, Nanog exhibited the lowest positive expression, while SSEA4 showed the highest, reaching 23.1%. Overall, the content of PBMNCs stem/progenitor cells in PBMNCs was highest in six-month-old rats. Conclusions : SD rats have a higher content of stem/progenitor cells in their PBMNCs, which suggests that the therapeutic effect of animal experiments might be better than in human applications. For experimental studies involving the transplantation of SD rat PBMNCs for disease treatment, it is recommended to use rats younger than 6 months.
  • Chinese Journal of Anatomy. 2024, 47(3): 281-281. https://doi.org/10.3969/j.issn.1001-1633.2024.03.024
  • Chinese Journal of Anatomy. 2024, 47(5): 404-409. https://doi.org/10.3969/j.issn.1001-1633.2024.05.007
    Objective : To investigate the influence of pristimerin (PRI) on the autophagy and apoptosis of hepatocellular carcinoma by regulating the serine/threonine kinase (Akt) / nuclear factor-κB (NF-κB)/ mammalian target of rapamycin (mTOR) signaling pathway. Methods : MTT method was applied to detect the survival rate of HEPG2 cells treated with different concentrations of PRI( 0, 1.25, 2.5, 5, 10, 20, 40 μmol/L); HEPG2 cells were separated into CON group (conventional cultured cells), the 5, 10 and 20 μmol/L PRI group( 5, 10 and 20 μmol/L PRI intervened the cells for 24 h, respectively) and Recilisib group( 20 μmol/L PRI+10 μmol/L Akt activator Recilisib co-intervention for 24 h). Colony formation assay was used to detect the number of cell colonies. MDC staining and transmission electron microscopy were used to detect cell autophagy. Flow cytometry was applied to detect cell apoptosis. Western blotting was applied to detect the protein expressions of p62, microtubule-associated protein light chain 3-Ⅰ/Ⅱ(LC3-Ⅰ/Ⅱ), B cell lymphoma( Bcl-2), Bcl2-associated X (Bax), Akt, p-Akt, NF-κB p65, p-NF-κB p65, mTOR, and p-mTOR in cells. Results : Compared with 0 μmol/L, the survival rate of H EPG2 cells was obviously decreased in a dose-dependent manner under the P RI treatments. IC50 value was( 13.07±1.20) μmol/L, therefore, in this study, HEPG2 cells were treated with 5, 10 and 20 μmol/L PRI for subsequent experiments. Compared with the CON group, the number of cell colonies, the protein expressions of p62, Bcl-2, p-Akt, p-NF-κB p65, and p-mTOR in the 5, 10 and 20 μmol/L PRI groups were obviously decreased, while the average optical density of green fluorescence, the number of autophagosomes, the apoptosis rate, the protein expressions of LC3-Ⅱ/LC3-Ⅰ and Bax were obviously increased. Compared with the 20 μmol/LPRI group, the number of cell colonies, the protein expressions of p62, Bcl-2, p-Akt, p-NF-κB p65, and p-mTOR in the Recilisib group were obviously increased, however, the average optical density of green fluorescence, the number of autophagosomes, the apoptosis rate, the protein expressions of LC3-Ⅱ/LC3-Ⅰ and Bax were decreased obviously. Conclusion : PRI can promote the autophagy and apoptosis of liver cancer cells by inhibiting the Akt/NF- κB/mTOR signaling pathway.
  • Chinese Journal of Anatomy. 2024, 47(5): 425-429. https://doi.org/10.3969/j.issn.1001-1633.2024.05.011
    Objective : To explore a method for creating a mouse model of acute myocardial infarction that is more suitable for beginners. Methods : 80 SPF WT mice were randomly divided into high ligation group, middle ligation group and low ligation group. Using sutures and a lid retractor, the intercostal space was opened to expose the heart, followed by ligation of the left anterior descending artery to establish models of large, medium, and small areas of myocardial infarction. The sham group underwent the same procedure as the middle ligation group, but with no ligation. The electrocardiograms were recorded before and after ligation. One day post-surgery, five mice from each group were randomly selected for cardiac function assessment and myocardial infarction area measurement to evaluate model quality. Surgical time, post-operative condition, and mortality rates were also recorded. Results : Except the sham surgery group, the T wave of lead Ⅱ was elevated and merged with R wave after ligation. One day post-surgery, there was no significant difference in cardiac function and myocardial infarction area within groups, but there was significant difference between groups. Within two weeks post-surgery, four mice in the high ligation group died, while there was no death in the other groups. The surgical time for the three ligation groups was (17±4) seconds, and the high ligation group showed poorer condition one day post-surgery. Conclusion : This method can be completed independently by one person, yielding high model quality and survival rates. It meets the requirements for large, medium, and small area myocardial infarction models and is suitable for various levels of heart failure research. The procedure is straightforward, making it suitable for beginners and worthy of being populariz ed.
  • Chinese Journal of Anatomy. 2024, 47(2): 181-182. https://doi.org/10.3969/j.issn.1001-1633.2024.02.020
  • Chinese Journal of Anatomy. 2024, 47(2): 190-190. https://doi.org/10.3969/j.issn.1001-1633.2024.02.024
  • Chinese Journal of Anatomy. 2024, 47(2): 168-171. https://doi.org/10.3969/j.issn.1001-1633.2024.02.016
  • Chinese Journal of Anatomy. 2024, 47(2): 107-113. https://doi.org/10.3969/j.issn.1001-1633.2024.02.003
    Objective : To investigate the mechanism of hepatitis B virus( HBV) on myeloid-derived suppressor cells (MDSCs). Methods : C57BL/6 mice were allocated into normal and HBV groups. The chronic HBV infection model was established within the HBV group, with subsequent assessment of miR-21-5p levels in mice. Additionally, C57BL/6mice were distributed across control, miR-21-5p negative control, miR-21-5p overexpression, and miR-21-5p knockdown groups. All mice, except those in the control group, were subjected to miR-21-5p lentiviral intervention, followed by theestablishment of a chronic HBV infection mouse model. Levels of miR-21-5p and MDSCs were measured in mice. Mouse MDSCs were transfected with miR-21-5p lentivirus, exposed to HBV, and subsequent levels of p-STAT3( Ser727),Arginase-1, IL-10, and p-STAT3 proteins were assessed. Stattic was introduced into the culture medium to evaluate levels of p-STAT3, Arginase-1, and IL-10 proteins. Results : The HBV group exhibited a higher miR-21-5p expression level compared to the normal group. Compared with the control group, miR-21-5p expression levels and MDSC counts increased in the miR-21-5p negative control group, whereas both increased in the miR-21-5p overexpression group compared with the miR-21-5p knockdown group. Following the HBV infection of mouse MDSCs, there was a marked elevation in the expression of p-STAT3 (Ser727), Arginase-1, IL-10, and p-STAT3 proteins. Similarly, miR-21-5p overexpression led to increased expression of p-STAT3( Ser727), Arginase-1, IL-10, and p-STAT3 proteins. Notably, upon Stattic administration, there was no discernible difference in the expression of p-STAT3, Arginase-1, and IL-10 proteins. Conclusion : HBV potentially fosters the proliferation and functional activity of MDSCs through the modulation of the miR-21-5p/STAT3 pathway.
  • Chinese Journal of Anatomy. 2024, 47(3): 260-263. https://doi.org/10.3969/j.issn.1001-1633.2024.03.015
  • Chinese Journal of Anatomy. 2024, 47(3): 240-243. https://doi.org/10.3969/j.issn.1001-1633.2024.03.010
    Objective : To study the effect of exogenous bilirubin on cerebral ischemia reperfusion injury( I/R) and apoptosis. Methods : SD rats were selected and randomly divided into Sham group( Sham group), modeling group (I/R group), 5 mg/kg bilirubin group( I/R+5 mg group), 10 mg/kg bilirubin group( I/R+10 mg group), and 15 mg/ kg bilirubin group( I/R+15 mg group). The rats were given medicine for seven days before modeling. The plugging filament method was used to establish the rats’ cerebral ischemia-reperfusion injury model. 24 h after the modeling was completed, specimens were taken for measurement. The infarct volume was determined by triphenyl tetrazolium chloride staining. Pathological changes of cerebral infarction area were observed by H-E staining. TUNEL staining was used to detect the apoptotic cells and immunofluorescence histochemistry was used to detect the positive cells of p-caspase 3 in the brain tissue. Results : Compared with the I/R group, the infarct size of the I/R+10 mg group was significantly reduced. Brain morphology of the I/R+5 mg and I/R+10 mg groups was more normal compared with the modeling group. Compared with the I/R group, the number of TUNEL-positive cells in the brain tissue of the I/ R+10 mg group was significantly reduced, and the number of p-caspase 3 positive cells in the brain tissue of I/R+5 mg, I/R+10 mg, and I/R+15 mg groups was significantly reduced. Conclusions : Exogenous bilirubin can prevent cerebral ischemia-reperfusion injury in rats within a certain dose range, and its protective mechanism is related to the inhibition of apoptosis.