Depression is a mental illness primarily characterized by persistent emotional lowness， which can escalate to suicidal behaviors in severe cases. The underlying mechanisms of depression are intricate and multifaceted. Recent research has solidified the role of oligodendroglia in the pathogenesis of depression， influenced by both genetic and environmental factors. Drawing upon clinical data and the established link between oligodendrocyte abnormalities and depression， this article briefly summarizes the progress made in experimental studies regarding the role of oligodendroglial cells and myelin sheath abnormalities in the pathological mechanisms of depression， with the goal of offering fresh perspectives for the treatment of patients with de pression.

Objective： To explore the exposed range and operable space of the third ventricle using the neuroendoscopic frontal lobe（F）-interverulare（I）-choroid fissure（C） approach （F-I-C approach）， and to conduct a quantitative anatomical analysis. Methods： Six adult cadaveric heads fixed with 10% formaldehyde and infused with colored latex were included as surgical simulation specimens. For each specimen， a simulated operation was performed to expose the third ventricle via the F-I-C operative approach under bilateral 0° and 30° neuroendoscopy. The exposure angles and anatomic measurements of relevant important structures in the approach were observed. In addition， Photoshop CS6 scale was used to measure the distance between the medial walls of the two thalami as the inner and outer diameters of the surgical approach， the aqueduct-mamillary body spacing and the infundibular recess-papillary spacing as the anterior and posterior diameters， and the superior pineal recessaqueduct spacing as the upper and lower diameters. The maximum visible area of the third ventricle was calculated and the operable angles from sagittal， coronal and longitudinal positions of the surgical approach were measured. The exposure and operability of the third ventricle via this approach were evaluated by using the classic third ventricle exposure and operability scale. Results： The inner and outer diameters of the F-I-C approach were 3.4–4.6（ 4.2±0.4） mm. The anteroposterior diameter was divided into two parts ： aqueduct cerebri to mamillary body 16.8–18.5 （17.6±0.5） mm， andinfundibular recess to mamillary body 7.2–8.8（ 7.8±0.5） mm. The superior-inferior diameter was 7.0–9.0（ 7.8±0.8） mm. The exposure score of funnel recess was three. The sagittal area of the third ventricle exposed by F-I-C approach under 0° or 30° neuroendoscopy was（ 216±49） mm2， and the longitudinal operable angle was（ 16±3）°. The coronal area was（ 245±53） mm2 and the longitudinal operating angle was（ 19±3）°. Conclusion： The F-I-C approach under neuroendoscopy has good feasibility and operability for the exposure range of the anterior， middle and posterior parts of the third ventricle.

Objective ： To explore a rapid isolation and culture method for rat pulmonary fibroblasts（PFs）， providing more scientific and convenient technical support for in vitro studies of pulmonary fibrosis. Methods ： Lung tissues from newborn SD rats were dissected. Type Ⅱ collagenase/pancreatin mixed enzyme digestion method was used. Microscopic observation and analysis were conducted on the cell suspension and precipitate after each tissue digestion. The cell suspension was selectively collected， and the differential adhesion time of cells was gradient grouped to optimize the best cell adhesion time point. Coomassie brilliant blue staining was used to observe the uniformity of cell morphology. Vimentin labeling was used to identify the purity of PFs， and α-SMA labeling was used to identify the differentiation ability of cells. Cell growth curve was plotted to detect cell growth activity. Results ： After the first two 8-minute digestions， the cell suspension mainly contained blood cell components， and the precipitate consisted mostly of blood clots and substantial tissue components. After the 3rd–6th digestion， the cell suspension mainly contained nucleated cell components， and the digestion solution precipitate consisted mostly of collagen， adhesive proteins， and other matrix clumps. The cell suspension from the 3rd–6th digest ion was selected for differential adhesion separation of cells. Comprehensive analysis of cell quantity and purity indicated that a 35-minute differential adhesion time was optimal， resulting in high cell viability. Cells reached logarithmic growth phase within 24 hours across the first to fourth generations. Conclusion ： Sequential enzyme digestion， selective collection of cell suspensions， and a 35-minute differential adhesion separation significantly improve the isolation of PFs.

Objective ：To investigate the effect of modified Huanglian Wendan decoction on gastrointestinal motility， gastric mucosal barrier， and related brain-gut peptides in bile reflux gastritis （BRG） model rats. Methods ： Rats were randomly divided into four groups: the blank group, the model group, the modified Huanglian Wendan decoction group, and the aluminum magnesium carbonate tablet gr oup. Except for the blank group, BRG models were prepared for all groups. The modified Huanglian Wendan decoction group and the aluminum magnesium carbonate tablet group began treatment in the sixth week after the BRG model was established.. The general conditions of rats in each group were observed. The gastric emptying rate and small intestinal propulsion rate were calculated. The gastric mucosal barrier was observed by alcian blue periodic acid Schiff staining， and the expression of braingut peptide was detected by ELISA. Results ： Compared with the control group， the general condition of the rats in the model group was poor. Their body weight was significantly reduced and their gastric index was significantly increased. There was no blue-purple staining in the gastric mucosa. Gastrointestinal motility was significantly reduced and the expression of related brain-gut peptides was significantly changed. Compared with the model group， the general conditions of the rats in the two treatment groups were improved， with increased body weight and decreased gastric index. Some blue-purple staining was seen in the gastric mucosa. Gastrointestinal motility was improved and related brain-gut peptides were partially expressed. Conclusion ： The modified Huanglian Wendan decoction can improve the general condition of BRG rats， improve gastrointestinal motility and gastric mucosal barrier damage， and regulate the expression levels of related brain-gut peptid es.

Objective ： To investigate the role and molecular mechanism of Src homology 2 domain-containing phosphatase 2（ SHP2） in mouse abdominal aortic aneurysm. Methods ： The mouse abdominal aortic aneurysm model was established by angiotensin Ⅱ perfusion and high-fat diet feeding. The mice were divided into control group， model group， and inhibitor group（injected with SHP2 inhibitor PHPS1）. The changes in mouse abdominal aortic pathology were examined using Masson and EVG staining. The expression levels of related proteins SHP2， NOX2， TXNIP， NLRP3， IL-1β， IL-18， MMP2， MMP9 were detected by Western blotting. The expression of MMP9 and F4/80 in the abdominal aortic wall were examined using immunofluorescence staining. Results ： Compared with the model group， the inhibitor group showed exacerbated dilation of the abdominal aortic diameter， damage to the arterial wall elastic fibers， and an increase in the number of macrophages. The protein expression levels of NOX2， TXNIP， NLRP3， IL-1β， IL-18， MMP2， MMP9 in the abdominal aortic tissue of the inhibitor group mice increased， while the protein expression level of SHP2 significantly decreased. Conclusion ： SHP2 can attenuate the development of mouse abdominal aortic aneurysm by inhibiting the NLRP3 signaling pathway and the expr ession of MMP2 and MMP9 in macrophages.

Objective ： To explore the effect of tumor-associated macrophage tyrosine phosphatase SHP2 on PDL1 expression in gastric cancer and preliminarily elucidate its mechanism. Methods ： After human monocyte/ macrophage THP-1 cells and human gastric cancer cell line SGC-7901 cells were cultured， THP-1 cells were induced to differentiate into macrophages， and THP-1 cells with stable knockdown and overexpression of SHP2 gene were constructed by lentivirus infection. The infected THP-1 cells were co-cultured with SGC-7901 cells in a non-contact mode， and they were divided into the NC group and SHP2-shRNA group， NC group and SHP2-mimic group， and Stattic（STAT3 inhibitor）+NC group and Stattic+SHP2-shRNA group. Supernatant exosomes of THP-1 cells were extracted by ultracentrifugation， and the expressions of STAT3-TGFβ pathwayrelated proteins， exosomes CD9， and TGFβ proteins in THP-1 cells were detected by Western blotting. Western blotting was also used to detect the expression of STAT3-TGFβ pathway-related proteins and PD-L1， PTEN， and p-PI3K proteins in SGC-7901 cells. CCK-8 assay was used to detect the proliferation activity of SGC-7901 cells. Transwell assay was used to detect the migration and invasion abilities of SGC-7901 cells. Results ： The expression level of SHP2 protein in the THP-1 cells of the SHP2-shRNA group was significantly lowerthan that in the NC group， and the expression levels of p-STAT3， IL-10， TGFβ， as well as CD9 and TGFβ proteins in exosomes in the SHP2-shRNA group were significantly higher than those in the NC group. The expression level of SHP2 protein in the SHP2-mimic group was significantly higher than that in the NC group， and the expression levels of p-STAT3， IL-10， TGFβ， as well as CD9 and TGFβ proteins in exosomes were significantly lower than those in the NC group. In SGC-7901 cells during co-culture， the protein expression levels of SHP2 and PTEN in the SHP2- shRNA group were significantly lower than those in the NC group， while the protein expression levels of p-STAT3， TGFβ， PD-L1， and p-PI3K， as well as the cell proliferation activity， migration and invasion abilities were significantly higher in the SHP2-shRNA group than those in the NC group. After Stattic intervention， SHP2 protein expression level remained unaffected， PTEN protein expression level was increased， p-STAT3， TGFβ， PD-L1， and p-PI3K protein expression levels and cell proliferation activity， migration and invasion abilities were decreased. There was no significant difference between the SHP2-shRNA group and Stattic+SHP2-shRNA group. Conclusion ： Tumor-associated macrophage SHP2 inhibits the expression of PD-L1 and p-PI3K by suppressing the activity of the STAT3-TGFβ pathway in gastric cancer cells, thereby inhibiting the proliferation, migration, and invasion of gastric cancer cells, which in turn delays the progression of gastric c ancer.

Objective ： To investigate the influence of pristimerin （PRI） on the autophagy and apoptosis of hepatocellular carcinoma by regulating the serine/threonine kinase （Akt） / nuclear factor-κB （NF-κB）/ mammalian target of rapamycin （mTOR） signaling pathway. Methods ： MTT method was applied to detect the survival rate of HEPG2 cells treated with different concentrations of PRI（ 0， 1.25， 2.5， 5， 10， 20， 40 μmol/L）； HEPG2 cells were separated into CON group （conventional cultured cells）， the 5， 10 and 20 μmol/L PRI group（ 5， 10 and 20 μmol/L PRI intervened the cells for 24 h， respectively） and Recilisib group（ 20 μmol/L PRI+10 μmol/L Akt activator Recilisib co-intervention for 24 h）. Colony formation assay was used to detect the number of cell colonies. MDC staining and transmission electron microscopy were used to detect cell autophagy. Flow cytometry was applied to detect cell apoptosis. Western blotting was applied to detect the protein expressions of p62， microtubule-associated protein light chain 3-Ⅰ/Ⅱ（LC3-Ⅰ/Ⅱ）， B cell lymphoma（ Bcl-2）， Bcl2-associated X （Bax）， Akt， p-Akt， NF-κB p65， p-NF-κB p65， mTOR， and p-mTOR in cells. Results ： Compared with 0 μmol/L， the survival rate of H EPG2 cells was obviously decreased in a dose-dependent manner under the P RI treatments. IC50 value was（ 13.07±1.20） μmol/L， therefore， in this study， HEPG2 cells were treated with 5， 10 and 20 μmol/L PRI for subsequent experiments. Compared with the CON group， the number of cell colonies， the protein expressions of p62， Bcl-2， p-Akt， p-NF-κB p65， and p-mTOR in the 5， 10 and 20 μmol/L PRI groups were obviously decreased， while the average optical density of green fluorescence， the number of autophagosomes， the apoptosis rate， the protein expressions of LC3-Ⅱ/LC3-Ⅰ and Bax were obviously increased. Compared with the 20 μmol/LPRI group， the number of cell colonies， the protein expressions of p62， Bcl-2， p-Akt， p-NF-κB p65， and p-mTOR in the Recilisib group were obviously increased， however， the average optical density of green fluorescence， the number of autophagosomes， the apoptosis rate， the protein expressions of LC3-Ⅱ/LC3-Ⅰ and Bax were decreased obviously. Conclusion ： PRI can promote the autophagy and apoptosis of liver cancer cells by inhibiting the Akt/NF- κB/mTOR signaling pathway.

Objective ： To investigate the impacts of Huaier（ trametes robiniophila murr） polysaccharide on the malignant biological behavior of SW620 cells of colon cancer by regulating Rho/Rho-associated coiled-coil kinase （ROCK） signaling pathway. Methods ： Human colon cancer cell line SW620 was divided into control group， Huaier polysaccharide group， narciclasine（ Rho/ROCK pathway activator） group， and Huaier polysaccharide+narciclasine group. Cell proliferation， migration， invasion， apoptosis， and colony-forming ability of the cells in each group were analyzed. The expression levels of RhoA， ROCK1， nuclear associated antigen（ Ki67）， matrix metalloproteinase 2 （MMP2）， and caspase-3 proteins were detected by Western blotting. The model of colon cancer was established in nude mice to verify the effect of Huaier polysaccharide on the growth of transplanted colon cancer in nude mice. Results ： Huaier polysaccharide inhibited SW620 cell proliferation， migration， invasion， and colony formation and increased apoptosis as well as RhoA， ROCK1， Ki67， and MMP2 protein expression levels. Narcocycline reversed the inhibitory effect of Huaier polysaccharide on the malignant biological behavior of SW620 cells. Conclusion ： Huaier polysaccharide inhibits the malignant biological behavior of SW620 cells by inhibiting the Rho/ROCK signaling pathway.

Objective ： To analyze the role of hypoxia inducible factor-1α （HIF-1α） in regulating stem cell-like characteristics， oxidative stress， and tumor formation of retinoblastoma （RB） in nude mice. Methods ： Three groups of shRNA transfected RB with HIF-1α interfere（ WERI-Rb-1） cell lines were designed， and the shRNA with the best interference effect was selected for follow-up research. WERI-Rb-1 cells were divided into Control group， shRNA-NC group， and HIF-1α-shRNA group. The ability of cells proliferation， contents of oxidative stress markers [superoxide dismutase（ SOD）， malondialdehyde（ MDA）， glutathione peroxidase（ GSH-px）]， spheroidization of tumor cells and protein expression of stem cell markers（ Oct4， Nanog， ABCG2） in each group were detected. Results ： There was no significant difference in all indexes between the Control group and shRNA-NC group. Compared with the HIF-1α-shRNA1 group and HIF-1α-shRNA2 group， the relative expression levels of HIF-1α mRNA and protein were the lowest in the HIF-1α-shRNA3 group. Compared with the shRNA-NC group， the number of proliferation cells was significantly less in the HIF-1α-shRNA3 group， with reduced diameter of tumors， lighter mass， and less spheroidization cells. Compared with the shRNA-NC group， the relative expression levels of Oct4， Nanog and ABCG2 proteins were significantly lower， contents of MDA and GSH-px were significantly higher， and SOD content was significantly lower in the HIF-1α-shRNA3 group. Conclusion ： Interfering with the expression of HIF-1α gene can inhibit RB proliferation， affect antioxidant capacity of cells and the expression of stem cell marker proteins， thereby inhibiting tumor growth.

Objective ： To explore the effect and mechanism of gamma-linolenic acid（ GLA） on vascular cognitive impairment（ VCI）. Methods ： Thirty male C57BL6J mice were evenly divided into control group， VCI group， and GLA group. The VCI mouse model was established by bilateral carotid artery ligation in the VCI group and GLA group， and the sham operation was performed in the control group. The VCI group and sham group were given 1 mg/ kg normal saline daily， while the GLA group was given 1 mg/kg GLA daily. 14 days later， the Morris water maze was used to detect the level of cognitive impairment of mice. The mice were sacrificed and the brain tissue of mice was observed by H-E staining. The neurons in the hippocampus of mice were observed by transmission electron microscopy. Western blotting was used to detect the expression levels of PI3K/AKT/mTOR pathway-related proteins， autophagy-related proteins， and neuronal apoptosis-related proteins in mice. Results ：The escape latency of mice in the VCI group was longer than that in the GLA group and control group， and the number of platform crossings and the residence time in the target quadrant were shorter than those in the other two groups. The morphology of neurons in the GLA group was better than that in the VCI group， but worse than that in the control group. The expression levels of PI3K/AKT/mTOR pathway-related proteins， autophagy-related proteins， and neuronal apoptosis-related proteins in the VCI group were higher than those in the control group and GLA group， with the GLA group showing higher levels than the control group. Conclusion ： GLA mitigates neuronal apoptosis in treating VCI by suppressing autophagy via the PI3K/AKT/mTOR pathway.

Objective ： To explore a method for creating a mouse model of acute myocardial infarction that is more suitable for beginners. Methods ： 80 SPF WT mice were randomly divided into high ligation group， middle ligation group and low ligation group. Using sutures and a lid retractor， the intercostal space was opened to expose the heart， followed by ligation of the left anterior descending artery to establish models of large， medium， and small areas of myocardial infarction. The sham group underwent the same procedure as the middle ligation group， but with no ligation. The electrocardiograms were recorded before and after ligation. One day post-surgery， five mice from each group were randomly selected for cardiac function assessment and myocardial infarction area measurement to evaluate model quality. Surgical time， post-operative condition， and mortality rates were also recorded. Results ： Except the sham surgery group， the T wave of lead Ⅱ was elevated and merged with R wave after ligation. One day post-surgery， there was no significant difference in cardiac function and myocardial infarction area within groups， but there was significant difference between groups. Within two weeks post-surgery， four mice in the high ligation group died， while there was no death in the other groups. The surgical time for the three ligation groups was (17±4) seconds， and the high ligation group showed poorer condition one day post-surgery. Conclusion ： This method can be completed independently by one person， yielding high model quality and survival rates. It meets the requirements for large， medium， and small area myocardial infarction models and is suitable for various levels of heart failure research. The procedure is straightforward， making it suitable for beginners and worthy of being populariz ed.

Objective ： To study the palm fingerprint parameters of Uygur nationality in Aksu. Methods ： The palmprints and fingerprints of the subjects were collected with informed consent. After analyzing and processing， we derived various fingerprint occurrences， a-b ridge counts， tPD and atd angle differences， and palm fold types for different sexes and different palms. Results ： The frequency of fingerprint types， excluding males， was as follows ： loop > whorl > arch. There was no significant difference in the occurrence rate of various fingerprints between genders. Still， there was a significant difference in the occurrence rate of double loop whorls in the left and right hands. There was no significant difference in a-b RC， but there was a significant difference in atd angle and tPD between men and women of the same hand. The true pattern in the interphalangeal area appeared most in Ⅳ area， followed by the Hy area. The frequency of palm pleats was as follows ： common type > penetrating type > bridging type I > Sydney type > bridging type Ⅱ. Conclusion ： The results share both commonalities and peculiarities with the Uygur population in other areas， which reflects the regional differences in the characteristics of palmprints and fingerprints and accumulates abundant dermatoglyphic data for t he area.

Objective ：To observe the morphological structure and distribution characteristics of the three kinds of atlas-axis bridges（ ventral， lateral， and dorsal） in Macaca mulatta from the Taihang mountains， attempting to understand the variation of the atlas bridges observed in human， and speculating on the possible evolutionary trend of the bone bridges in non-human primates. Methods ：Specimens of atlas vertebrae from Taihangshan macaques were studied. The morphological characteristics and occurrence rates of three types of atlas bridges on each atlas vertebra were observed. IBM SPSS 26.0 software was used for data processing， and nonparametric chi-square tests were used for analyzing the differences in inter-species occurrence rates of atlas-axis bridges. Results ：The ventral bridge and dorsal bridge were stable structures of the atlas vertebrae in Taihang macaques， with incidence rates of 100.0% and 97.7%， respectively. The lateral bridge was basically stable， with an occurrence rate of 83.1%. The lateral bridge showed polymorphic characteristics as it transitioned from absent to complete. Conclusion ：The main type of atlas bridge in rhesus monkey is the primitive type A， which is separated from the main type D in human. The three atlas bridges in rhesus monkey can be considered as a stable trait.

Silent information regulator 2 proteins, or sirtuins（Sirtuins） are integral to in a variety of cell biological processes， including energy metabolism， apoptosis and senescence. Recent studies have shown that among the sirtuin family， member Sirtuins3（ SIRT3） is closely associated with the onset and progression of periodontitis， a common oral disease hallmarked by chronic inflammation and destruction of periodontal tissues. SIRT3 may influence the pathogenesis and progression of periodontitis by regulating processes such as inflammatory response， apoptosis and bone metabolism in periodontal tissues. This review the relationship between SIRT3 and periodontitis and focuses on the mechanisms of SIRT3-inflammation interactions and the signaling pathways involve d.

The application and development of minimally invasive technologies such as laparoscopy have increasingly brought the anatomy of the inguinal region's fascia and spaces into clinical focus. However， current knowledge of the structures and layers in this region， as well as their connections with the anterior and posterior abdominal walls and pelvic walls， is still somewhat vague and controversial. From the perspectives of anatomy， embryonic development， and clinical application， this article attempts to explore the structures of the inguinal region's fascia and spaces， such as the transversalis fascia， preperitoneal fascia， Bogros space， and Retzius space. This exploration helps to clarify their existence and embryonic origins in the abdominal wall， and to specify their regional characteristics as local representations of the entire abdominal（ pelvic） wall， providing valuable insights for clinical practice.